Charter Wedding bells Essay

Mary –Jo and her fiancà ©, Bobby Doe have decided to get married on November 30th 2014, which is in 3-month time. This Project will define, plan, execute and implement the wedding. It is important to be an event on which everybody can look back on with fond memories. The aim of the Project is to plan a wonderful wedding experience for both families and also for the wedding guests. The budget will be of $20,000 and the maximum number of quests will be 150. Project Objectives The entire wedding budget is set at $20,000. The reception will take place in a hall and the maximum number of guests is 150. It will be a legal and proper wedding ceremony. The wedding will take place in 3 months, in a reception hall. Major Deliverables Invitations and thank you notes Print Menus and Programs Order Favors Hire a photographer and videographer Transportation Ceremony-book Officiant Location Rental for ceremony and reception Decorations-flowers Book caterers, choose menu Order cake Arrange for a band/DJ/entertainment The following items are not covered by this Project and are the responsibility of the bride and broom: Bachelorette and bachelor party Wedding Dress Groom’s attire Bridesmaids’ dresses Honeymoon arrangements Writing the Wedding Wows Hair and make-up arrangements Wedding rings Proposed Process The Project Team will ensure accomplishment of the above by: *providing different choices of wedding/ceremony venues, catering arrangements, cake arrangements, wedding decorations, wedding music, transportation choices; *providing a breakdown budget; *researching different costs in relation to the budget; *analyzing the proposed choices in terms of costs and customer satisfaction. Related Products and Proposed Resource List Project Dependencies refer to the 3rd parties involved in planning and executing the Project, such as the caterers, the florists, the company providing the invitations/menus/programs/thank you notes, the band or DJ, the transportation company, the Ceremony Officiant. Proposed resources: www.torontoweddingbands.com www.royalcakesbyannette.com www.paulshannoncaterers.com/ www.matthewkozovskiphotography.com www.ashleamacaulay.com www.durhamweddingsource.com/ Project Customers The end customers will be the bride and groom and the families of the bride and the broom. Their expectations must be met and their feedback will be taken into consideration when booking/reserving or otherwise making any decision related to the present Project. Customer Requirements It has been determined that Mary-Jo and Bobby do not want a high-end wedding. It is desirable to have a wedding within the budget, with quality services that fit the allocated budget. All Major Deliverables must be organized and booked/reserved by the wedding day. No Major Deliverable should be postponed and/or delayed. Once a decision has been made, it should not be changed and/or altered. This will ensure a smooth and clear progression of the Project. Customer Needs/Key Attributes It is a known fact that planning a wedding is very stressful for the bride and groom. As such, this Project will help diminish the stress and ensure a linear course of events. The bride and groom will enjoy their Wedding day without worrying over different aspects of the event. Project Stakeholders The Project Sponsors are the bride’s parents, who are funding the wedding. They have set the budget, the maximum number of guests and the legality of the wedding. The Customers are Mary-Jo and Bobby Doe, who will make the decisions and approve the schedule. The wedding guests are not responsible for any decision and/or part of the wedding, however they should be taken into consideration when planning the wedding. They should have a lasting memory of the event. The Project Team will work closely with the Project Manager to ensure coordination and implementation of the decision made. They will also help with the research. Project manager The Project Manager is the mother of the bride, who will have full authority on the Project and over the budget, and terms of the present project. She will hire the Team Members, allocate the tasks to the Team Members, build a budget breakdown and a schedule. The Project Management will ensure the Project is on time and within the budget. Preliminary Schedule The below proposed Preliminary Schedule is to be submitted to the Project Customers for approval as soon as possible. September 1st to September 30th: Set wedding date; select and reserve the ceremony site; Select and reserve the reception location; Work on the guest list; Select and reserve a photographer, videographer, florist, DJ or musicians, and a caterer; Begin to plan the menu; Select and order wedding  invitations, announcements, thank-you notes. October 1st to October 31st: Finalize guest lists; mail the invitations; Choose a bakery and order wedding cake; Order any party favors; Decide on reception decorations and order or begin making them; Arrange for transportation on the wedding day. November 1st to November 29th: Keep a record of RSVPs and gifts received; Finalize menu for the reception; Obtain the marriage license; Finalize the wedding flowers with florist; Confirm reservations and details with photographer, caterer, DJ, videographer, baker and any other professionals, including any special photos wanted, specific music during a first dance. Preliminary Budget Reception: Spend 40% of the Wedding Budget on Reception. Total Budget: $20,000 x 0.4 = $8,000 available for the reception Example costs: site fees, catering costs, bar and beverages, wedding cake, etc. Music: Spend 10% of the Wedding Budget on Music Total budget: $20,000 x 0.1 = $2,000 available for music Example costs: ceremony music, cocktail hour music, DJ fees, etc Flowers: Spend 15% of the Wedding Budget on Flowers Total budget: $20,000 x 0.15 = $3,000 available for flowers Example costs: bridal bouquet, wedding party flowers, table centerpieces, etc. Wedding Attire: Spend 15% of the Wedding Budget on Wedding Attire Total budget: $20,000 x 0.1 = $3,000 available for wedding attire Example costs: wedding gown, dress alterations, wedding veil, lingerie, jewelry, shoes, hair, makeup, etc. Photography: Spend 10% of the Wedding Budget on Wedding Photography Total budget: $20,000 x 0.1 = $2,000 available for wedding photography Example costs: Engagement portrait, photography, videographer, wedding album, etc. Stationary: Spend 5% of the Wedding Budget on Stationary Total budget: $20,000 x 0.05 = $1,000 available for wedding stationary Example costs: wedding announcements, wedding invitations, postage stamps, wedding programs, table place cards, etc. Additional Expenses: Spend 5% of the Wedding Budget on Additional Expenses Total budget: $20,000 x 0.05 = $1,000 available for Additional Expenses Example costs: attendants’ gifts, marriage license fee, wedding day transportation, etc. Approval Requirements The Project Sponsor approved this Project Charter. The Bride approved this Project Charter. The Groom approved this Project Charter. Bibliography Gray, Clifford F., Larson, Erik W. – Project Management, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2011. A guide to the project management body of knowledge, PMBOK guide, 5th Edition, PMI Inc. 2013. http://www.magnetstreet.com/wedding-planning-checklist http://www.hooverwebdesign.com/20000-wedding-budget-worksheet.html

Analyzing The House on Mango Street

Sandra Cisneros’ â€Å"The House on the Mango Street† weaves a thought-provoking, coming-of-age tale of a young girl. She is not only struggling to grow up to become a fine lady like usual American girls, but she is faced with shame, guilt and disappointment as her family is embarking on to acquire a new home in America. As the story comes to a full circle, the readers would inevitably commiserate with how the girl dealt with the scenarios she had faced.She did not only have to go through the complicated journey with her family to their new home, but she has to deal with the big disappointment that their new house is not what she hoped for. These difficulties definitely fanned some fire inside her – to become more determined and strive harder in the future. In the end, readers could predict her utter frustration why things are always tough for immigrant people like them in America. Related essay: Shame is Worth a TryPoint of View, Setting and CharactersSandra Cisnero’s â€Å"The House on Mango Street† has the ability to pinch one’s heart because the narrator’s point of view belongs to a young girl. Her family has to undergo an awkward transition of looking for a permanent place to live. Readers will immediately infer that the young girl’s family has Chicano roots because the girl enumerated the members of the family in beginning her story — Papa, Mama, Carlos, Kiki and Nenny.What’s admirable about Cisnero’s conversational style of story-writing is that everyone can relate to their experiences. At one point in anyone’s life, we all can identify with the travails of going through a house transfer. Anyone’s initial reaction will be to feel excited of how our new house will look like or who our new neighbors will be. Unfortunately, for the young girl, she is bound to be betrayed by her own expect ations.The setting of the story takes place in a suburb where Chicanos are living in. We can assume that this community is filled with Mexicans, Puerto Ricans or any previous residents of South American countries. These people, like all other immigrants, will always want to stay close to people who would understand them. Since this community is not the usual American neighborhood with homes that have freshly-mown lawns and white picket fences, the narrator is still hoping for the best about the house her father got them in Mango Street.For the narrator, Mango Street is more than street sign; it is her marker that circumscribes the dream that she and her family had brought with them. Her father and mother challenged themselves to cross their country of origin to United States, just to be assured of a better future. This new house will simply be one aspect of attaining their dream — to have a more comfortable life in this new place, in this new country. At the start, we can alm ost smell her overflowing relief of receiving the news about the new house.The narrator justifies that finally they no longer have to pay the rent, â€Å"share the yard with the people downstairs† and there won’t be anymore â€Å"landlord banging in the ceiling with a broom†. However, when she saw the house in Mango Street, she was disappointed. She becomes aware of her own subjective perceptions as she begins to differentiate her family’s wonderful dreams and society’s ugly realities. Thus, she becomes conscious of her parents’ inability to fulfill their promises of the perfect house. She thought that â€Å"They always told us that one day we would move into a house, a real house† (p. 223). However, the â€Å"real house† the narrator expected would be â€Å"like the houses on TV†:Our house would be white with trees around it, a great big yard and grass growing without a fence. This was the house Papa talked about when h e held a lottery ticket and this was the house Mama dreamed up in the stories she told us before we went to bed.But the house on Mango Street is not the way she told it at all (p. 224).Anyone could just imagine the look on her face when she saw their new house. The new house is just the opposite of what she expected. This fact also corresponds to the direct opposition to the words of her parents. This contrast between expectation and reality awakens her awareness of herself as a social being and provokes her own interpretations of the significance the house holds in her life.ThemeApparently, when the narrator saw the house on Mango Street, it transformed from being a symbol of hope to become a symbol of poverty. The narrator associates this realization with the humiliation she has felt in the past, when her family lived in similar places. She recollected back in Lonnis when a nun from her school accosted her:Where do you live? she asked.There, I said, pointing up to the third floor. You live there?There. I had to look to where she pointed–the third, the paint peeling, wooden bars Papa had nailed on the windows so we wouldn’t fall out.You live there? The way she said it made me feel like nothing. There. I lived there. I nodded (p. 224).We recognize that the society has been pushing the girl to feel ashamed of living in houses her family could afford to pay for. It is such a pity how people show obvious contempt to living spaces, when they should be more concerned how a young girl would feel in seeing their negative reactions. It is inevitable that the girl will be ashamed of her entire social and subjective position. Now, the narrator in the story sees the house as a symbol of the shame that threatens her own self-perception. For her, the house on Mango Street is an emblem of the oppressive socio-economic situation that circumscribes her life and is the source of her feelings of alienation. It is this alienation that becomes a catalyst for her desi re to distance herself from this house she does not to be associated with.Unfortunately, the house also becomes the narrator’s first universe. She begins here because it is the beginning of her conscious narrative reflection. She describes the house from the outside; this external depiction is an unkempt and negative description of the house that would translate to her presentation of her own self: She said â€Å"I knew then I had to have a house. A real house. One I could point to† (p. 234).By pointing to this dilapidated house, she points to herself: the house and narrator become identified as one, thereby revealing an ideological perspective of poverty and shame. Consequently, she wants to point to another house and this means she desires to point at another self. And as she longs for this other house and self, she also longs for another name. The dilemma of having this perception is that she will never have an opportunity to inhabit a special house and to fit into and find comfort. This is because her name, origins and culture will never be erased inside her.Stories of immigrants, like this, reveal the difficulties faced by the Latino population as they move in America in search of employment or to be reunited with family. Stories of women staring out of windows or having too many babies, trapped indoors because of jealous husbands, and unable to speak English, reveal both their fear of the dominant culture and the oppression of the patriarchal system in society.Tone and StyleThe story is light to read because it is meant to be narrated by a young girl. It is deemed that she is between 9 to 11 years old. She is doing all the narration in the story and it is her point of view that is magnified. The narrative situation is a familiar one: a sensitive young girl's reflections about her struggle between what she is and what she would like to be. She has voiced out that she wanted a new house where they can have their own room. However, because of their financial difficulties, she is bound to swallow her pride and just accept the dilapidated new house. Although deep inside her, she refuses to give up on her dreams and the hope that someday her family will have those houses she sees on TV.The frame of Cisnero’s short paragraphs is simple but highly effective. We could easily understand the whole story that the family has been wandering from place to place, always dreaming of the Promised Land, which is represented by having their own decent house. When they finally arrive at the house on Mango Street, which is at last their own house, it is not their promised dream home at all. The parents overcome their dejection by saying that this is not the end of their moving, that it is only a temporary stop before going on to the promised house.The narrator knows better. The conflict between the promised home and the harsh reality, which she always recognized, has been replaced by a full force of rejection, violence, fear and was te. Cisneros’ presented these emotions without compromise and without dramatization. This is just the way things are on Mango Street, but the narrator will not give up her dream of the promised house and she is determined to pursue it. The lesson she must learn is that the house she seeks is, in reality, her own individuality.ConclusionGrowing up in a place where you do not belong can be a depressing experience. Especially children, they will never seriously attempt to dissect their feelings and attitudes about being different to the people they see on TV and people they see around them.Thus, we all know now that Cisnero’s story is not just about dilapidated houses and â€Å"dream homes†. It could be linked to the girl’s status of growing up in America. Can she still achieve her dreams when she is living in shame and disappointment? Would her family be able to rise up from poverty? As America has transformed to become a melting pot of cultures, people hav e to be aware of this diversity. Cisnero’s story is just one slice of life that most immigrants in the United States have experienced. Indeed, we can learn from all these disappointments, shame and challenges we face.However, it is through understanding, knowing and respecting the diverse culture of our country that we could somehow ease the difficulties of immigrant people who have chosen to achieve their dreams here. Thus, in this story, Cisneros created a narrator, a storyteller and a mythmaker who draws upon old tales and new experiences to create the dreams of the culturally diverse neighborhoods in America.

Chapter Study Questions 1 & 2 Essay

1.What percentage of Texans live in urban areas (cities & suburbs)?   90% of the population now lives in crowed cities and suburbs. 2.Name the three cities in Texas that are three of the largest in US?   Houston, San Antonio and Dallas 3.What are the three diverse economic businesses in Texas? 4 Oil and gas producer now work alongside high-tech companies, telecommunications giants, and other important business sectors. 4.In what areas does Texas consistently rank at the bottom in state spending compared to other states? 4 Texas consistently ranks near the bottom of the states in spending on education, welfare, and healthcare for poor. 5.Is Texas a high-tax, high-business regulatory state or is it low-tax, low-regulatory?   Texas is low-tax and low-regulatory climate. 6.Are Texas well informed about government and elected officials? Do they trust government? 4 Texans are woefully ignorant of their state and local government and the public officials who make important decisions affecting their daily lives. 7.Does Texas have a regressive or progressive tax system and what do these mean?   Texas has a regressive tax system, which means a tax that imposes a disproportionately heavier burden on low-income people than on the more affluent. 8.What is meant by economic diversification and has Texas done this? 6 Economic diversification is the development of new and varied business activities. New business were encouraged to relocated to or expand in Texas after the oil and gas industry, which had been the base of the state’s economy, suffered a major recession in the 1980’s. 9.What is meant by ‘cowboy rugged individualism’ and how has this impacted Texans’ views of government as a solution to problems?   The cowboy rugged individualism, with strong connotations of self-help and independence, symbolizes a political culture in Texas that does not like to look to government as a solution to many of its problems. It is the kind of individualism that continues to be exploited by political candidates in campaign ads. 10. What impact did having a frontier have on Texans? On might argue that the â€Å"wide-open spaces† of the frontier shaped Texan’s  view of their autonomy, independence, and vulnerability. It has clearly shaped attitudes toward land and the legal right to use land as one sees fit. 11. What three combined groups now make up the majority of Texans and how does their historical experiences differ from that of Anglos? What celebration are part of their political culture?   African American, Hispanic, and Asian Americans. The white population have limited relevance to the relevance to the cultural and historical experiences of many African American and Hispanic Texans. For African American is Martin Luther King Jr’s birthday as state holiday in 1991. And for Hispanics is the Cinco de Mayo. 12.Just what does political culture mean and describe the individualistic subculture in terms of government size, assistance, politics, and primary goals? 9 Political culture a widely shared set of views, attitudes, beliefs and customs of a people as to how their government should be organized and run. Individualistic subculture holds that politics and government function as a marketplace. Government does not have to be concerned with creating a good or moral society but exists for strictly. Government should be limited, and its intervention in the private activities of its citizens should be kept to a minimum. The Government primary function is to ensure the stability of a society so that individuals can pursue their own interests. 13. Describe the moralistic subculture in terms of government size, assistance, politics, and primary goals? 9-10 Moralistic subculture is a view that government’s primary reasonability is to promote the public welfare and should actively use its authority and power to improve the social and economic well-being of its citizens. The Moralistic subculture regards politics as one of the great activities of a man in his search for the good society. 14.Describe the traditionalistic subculture in terms of government size, assistance, politics, and primary goals? 10 a view that political power should e concentrated in the hands of a few elite citizens who belong to established families or influential social groups. Public policy basically serves the interests of this small group. The traditionalistic subculture  holds the view that there is a hierarchical arrangement to the political order. This hierarchy serves to limit the power and influence of general public, while allocating authority to few individuals who comprise self-perpetuating elites. 15. In what states or colonies did you originally find these three subcultures and what two best describe Texas? 16. How big is the Native American population in Texas and of the three remaining groups, do they have the right to have casinos? 11 Alabama-Coushatta, Tigua and Kickappo are the three small Native American groups that live on reservations in Texas. And the Native American population is less than one-half of 1 percent of the States total population. They have been denied the right to run casinos on their reservation. Even thought, their leader consider casinos a major potential source of revenue, jobs and economic development for their people, but recent efforts to change state law have been unsuccessful. 17. Were there ever a great many Hispanics in Texas prior to 1830 and what was it down to by 1887? How much had this increased by 1930, 1990, and 2012? 12 Prior 1830 the Hispanic population were a small minority of the population. By 1887 the Hispanic population had declined to approximately 4 percent of state’s population. In 1930 it was 12 percent and was concentrated in the border counties from Brownsville to el Paso. By 1990s, it had reached 25 percent, spurred by immigration from Mexico and other Latin American countries. By 2012 the Hispanics comprised 37.6 percent of the state’s population. 18.What two ethnic or racial groups are growing the fastest in Texas and by 2030-what group will be the largest? How have Hispanics done in terms of elected officials compared to other states?12 The two ethnic will be Asian and Hispanics. However the Hispanics are likely to exceed 50 percent of the state’s total. 19. Compare the %s of Anglos, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians found in Texas in 1860 and those found in 2010? Chart 13 In 1860 it was a percent of 63.2% of Anglo. The 30.3 % are African American and 6.5% were Hispanic. However in 2010, 45.3% were Anglo, 11.5% were African American, 37.6% were Hispanic and 5.6% were other. 20.Where do African Americans tend to live in Texas?   African American settled in large numbers in the urban areas of Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston and Austin. 21. In 2010, how many Texans were there and what was the growth rate of the state compared to the national growth rate and where did people move from and to in the US? 16 According to the 2010 census, the state’s population was 25,145,561, an increase of approximately 4.3 million people in ten years. This growth rate of 20.6 percent was significantly higher than the national growth rate of growth rate of 9.7 percent.

Women in business Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Women in business - Coursework Example Furthermore, ‘Positive influences’ would also help in enhancing the sustainability in business along with betterment of the leadership mentality. This progressions in the individual characteristics development is going to enhance the ability of ‘communication’ that would indicate the base point of any business. According to my individual need for development, these four goals would help in improving my ability for meeting the appropriated requisites of relevant business module. Professional aspiration is one of the important situations in life irrespective of the gender the individual belong. Furthermore, being a woman, I am even likely to face certain problems in the course of achieving these goals and fulfilling my professional desires (Elkin, 1960). In this regard, the paper intends to develop an effective understanding of the different needs for meeting with the progression of developing identities of women in business within the global domain. By analys ing the different aspects of the problems attached with development of women, I will be enhancing my ability to understand myself and develop a better attribute of meeting with my personal needs of development. Biologically, we can differentiate male and female based on their predefined physical appearances. However, in sociological aspect, the gendered views of the society segregates women and men based on the terms of ‘masculinity’ and ‘femininity’ parallel to their physical and biological segregations. The different influences exerted by the notion of socialisation could affect the behavioural patterns of culture and motivate to participation of new members in social relationship. My perception is that socialisation starts from families where these factors acts as agencies of socialisation and inflicts the views of discriminations based on gender. At the very beginning of my life, I have been allocated with different dress materials, colours for

Business Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business Psychology - Essay Example The article authored by McHugh creatively likens absenteeism to a virus, expressing that while it is not possible to treat it completely, it may be effectively prevented or its effects curbed by striving to maintain and build a healthy system. When this is undertaken, Hugh purports that the effects of the virus are eliminated and it enters into a state of dormancy until such time when conditions again make it conducive for those effects to reappear. When applied to the organizational context, this implies that the root causes of absenteeism as an ‘infection’ ought to diagnosed to come up with more novel and effective solutions for curing the absence ‘bug’. This briefing article concisely presents the content of this article, especially focusing on its implications for the organizations directly involved in the study. The theoretical background of the study is derived mainly from theories on organizational health. Like absenteeism, it has been a favorite topic in management empirical research. To achieve and maintain organizational health, commendable management practices must be exercised, and the principal role of employees in carrying this out cannot be overemphasized. The importance of these management practices may be concretely seen in the outcomes that they bring forth including integrated job design, employee engagement, and a proactive approach to employee welfare. At the center of all these is the firm belief that people are the main assets of the corporation.

Article Women in PR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Article Women in PR - Essay Example Jennifer was able to achieve this by sending 10% of the dividends of the labels to the Medicins Sans Frontieres which is a charity meant for the health care globally. In addition to that, a large share of the clothing is retrieved from the artisans that are employed by an Italian non-profit cooperative organization named Cooperativa Rinascere which offers employment and support to the women in the local community. In this way, Jennifer is not only able to contribute to the society through charity but is also able to help raise the rate of employment by retrieving the services from women from the local communities. This is essentially a mutually beneficial relationship between the fashion label and the society. I particularly picked this article because this was brief but precise. The information contained in this article is important in that it not only lends a firm understanding of public relations but also it embarks on the huge tendency of women to do public relations in all

Road Pricing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Road Pricing - Essay Example This cleary indicates that there has been hinderance in traffic flow due to traffic congestion and these cases present externalities which must be avoided by using road pricing to reduce the number of cars on road by charging them a flat-fee in the form of road pricing. According to a source that major traffic jams occur in Central London at around 7:30 am in the morning and then 6:30 pm in the evening. Those eligible to pay were around 150,000 people who used the road every day. These charges were only levied on private vehicles. Pulic vehicles were exempted from these charges so as various other kinds of groups. However, many organisations in UK have argued over the price that is being charged. They claim that it is not the appropiate charge and is much higher than social costs that a vechile inflicts. They also support the reduction of this charge. Similarly, many people have argued that there are errors in database technology which often leads to double charging and over charging. So, in both cases if this carelessness persist it would not solve the problem of congestion but would deter people from driving even if they can afford to pay these costs. The economics behind this will that due to double charging and over charging , demand would go down to zero.

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Business Plan - Essay Example Online business development starts with development of an online business place, widely known as website. Several facets are attached with development of a website and depend on the type of website as per requirement. Major contributions are from design and technology perspective keeping in mind the business objective, e.g. a corporate website can be static in nature with a professional design aspect, whereas a retail website (portal) has to be dynamic and communicative with consumers, with detailed product information, and purchase and multiple payment options. FlexiCoolGifts FlexiCoolGifts is a gift store, which requires the dynamic aspect of design to effectively communicate with perspective consumers. The website needs to be an e-commerce website with detailed information about the products offered, and purchase and multiple payment options for best user experience. Once the website is developed, a complete online marketing strategy and online business revenue model has to be est ablished. Online Marketing Online marketing is the process of marketing and advertisement of a business (brand) and its products and services on the â€Å"World Wide Web†. A simple concept plays the role in the Internet marketing scenario – â€Å"Customer Reach – anytime, anywhere†. Online marketing strategy is a combination of certain factors depending on the business type, model and business objective. It is also a combination of â€Å"primary† and â€Å"complementary† marketing channels to make the entire strategy objective oriented and result driven. Complete understanding of online marketing strategies and careful utilization of online marketing tools and channels make online marketing highly effective with minimum cost. FlexiCoolGifts can utilize the following types of online marketing channels for business development. Types of Online Marketing Online marketing is a combination of certain types of marketing and advertisement activitie s carried out in the Internet environment with an objective of reaching out to the perspective customer, anytime & anywhere. There are various types of online marketing channels such as Search Engine Marketing (Paid Search Results), Search Engine Optimization (Non-paid Search Results), Social Media Marketing (Marketing and Advertisement through Social Networking Channels and websites), Social Media Optimization (Marketing and advertisement message optimization in social media), Display Advertisement (marketing and advertisement through display or banners online), Contextual Advertizing (marketing and advertising text messages on other websites), Affiliate Marketing (marketing and advertising on a affiliate website), Directory Submission (Submitting Websites to Online Directories), Webinars (Online Seminars), Online Audio and Video Marketing (Interactive Marketing and Advertisement), Mobile (Cell Phone) Marketing (SMS, MMS, Audio and Video Clips), E-Mail Marketing (Marketing and Adve rtisement through e-mails), Online Chat Support (Online Support Mechanism), Viral Marketing (Audio-Video option to Spread through people), Interactive Advertising (Audio & Video Clips recorded or animated), and blogging. Online Marketing Strategy By careful consideration of market dynamics, customer segmentation, market research results, SWOT of business and unique selling proposition (USP), a marketing strategy and marketing mix can be devised. FlexiCoolGifts is a unique gift store with a wide range of gift items, music; videos etc. for various occasions are available along with customized

Operation management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Operation management - Essay Example Another perspective of operations management comprises: overseeing, controlling product designation process and redesigning business operations in the production of goods and services (Heizer 2010). Thus operation managers have the task and responsibility of ensuring that organizational operations are efficient (Slack 2010). This involves effective utilisation of the resources as well as meeting the client or the customer requirements. Ascribing from this explanation it can be argued that operational management is vital in developing plans as well as strategies in maximizing the organizational opportunities and challenges. Notably is the operating environment which should be focused as effective operations management ensures that quality goods and services are produced and that demanded quantities within the acceptable timeframe is met by the organisation. OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF 2 SISTERS FOOD GROUP 2 Sisters Food Group is a chicken meat processing company in Englan d. According to Heizer (2010) the company started being a retail operating company, it is notable that in the past years the company has expanded tremendously through acquisition and establishing manufacturing sites in UK and other countries it has expanded into, notable acquisition is the Dutch-based chicken processor Storteboom Group. With the expanded operations it offers employment to over 5000 people and having annual sales of over six hundred and fifty million pounds annually. How the company operates The company comprises of three divisions which include: The primary division where slaughtering and the primary processing takes place. The second division involves chicken cutting and removing of bones. The third stage involves preparation where breading and roasting of the chicken takes place (Heizer 2010). This stage is attributed to final products including savoury liquids, ready to cook chicken and the component meat. 2 Sisters Food Group produces owned-brand products which are supplied to the supermarkets and established retailers. Notable brands associated to this company include Buxted brand and the Devonshire Red free range chicken. Therefore attributed to the notable expansion of this company and the complexity of the operations involved, the company ought to have a well established and effective operational management. The company has been successful because of the dynamitic operation management aspects, measures and controls it has develop in its operations (Slack 2010). Attributed to this effective and efficient operational management are the analysis, development, design and implementation of these important aspects of operational management by its management team. In order to achieve this, the company has emphasized on the following aspects of operations. Operational strategy These are the strategies that the company adopts in their day to day production and delivery of goods and services. In the context of 2 Sisters Food Group the operationa l strategy process is mainly used to formulate operations strategies. These strategies have been instrumental in the market positioning of this company. These strategies define the short-run and the long-run operations of this company.

Schools as Organisations Essay Example for Free

Schools as Organisations Essay Do not have to follow National Curriculum Funded by the government but not run by the local council. They have more control over how they do things. All-ability schools, so cannot use academic selection processes like a grammar school. They can set their own pay and conditions for staff. Length of school terms and the school day can be changed Free Schools are run by not-for-profit groups, eg: †¢charities †¢universities †¢independent schools †¢community and faith groups †¢teachers †¢parents †¢businesses Independently funded by fees paid by parents and income from investments, gifts and charitable endowments. Do not have to follow the National Curriculum. Can choose own admissions – Head Teacher and Governors can decide. Task BComplete question and table Complete answers to the following: Describe what each of the following do within a school. RoleResponsibility School governors Governors serve for 4 years. They work with the Head Teacher to make decisions on how the school will operate. They have legal duties, powers and responsibilities. They have to work together and cannot act individually. They approve what is taught in school, they set standards of behaviour, interview and select staff and also monitor and set the school budget. Governors also deal with complaints Head teacher internal organisation, management and control of the school. Advising on and implementing the governing body’s strategic framework. The Head Teacher is responsible for safeguarding children’s welfare, the creation and maintenance of learning environment within and throughout school. They deal with any parental issues – good or bad. Staff behaviour will be overseen, managed and dealt with by the head teacher also staff cover – i. e. if staff are absent from teaching the Head Teacher will allocate cover. Work closely with governors and senior management team. Senior management team SMT work closely with head teacher and is made up of experienced staff who have management positions, deputy head teacher, year group leaders, special educational needs coordinator and foundation stage leader. They will meet on a weekly basis and talk discuss matters that have arose and to make decisions regarding the running of the school. They then discuss how this information can be shared with teachers and support staff. Special needs co-ordinator (SENCO) Responsible for overseeing the provision for anyone that has special educational needs within the school. The SENCO must share information with the parents of the child and any other professionals i. e. teachers who is directly involved with the welfare/education of the child. Make sure individual educational plan is in order. Make sure relevant background information is recorded and kept up to date Support staff T. A. VOLUNTEER CARETAKER LUNCHTIME SUPERVISOR INDIVIDUAL SUPPORT ASS. OFFICE STAFFThere are many different types of support staff as listed, which ever their particular role may be they all have one thing in common and that is the safety and welfare of the children. Some of the duties are – Administer 1st aid, supervising children at lunchtime, security of the building, assisting the class teacher, correspondence between school and home. Complete the following table identifying five types of external professionals (ie. Someone not employed by the school) who may work with a school. Describe the role of each. Type of external professionalDescription of role 1. EDUCATION WELFARE OFFICERGenerally based within local authorities, they will visit schools and work closely with the Head Teacher monitoring pupil attendance, giving support in absenteeism. When pupils are excluded they will support them on their return to school. 2. SPEECH AND LANGUAGE THERAPISTWork with children who have speech, language and communication problems (producing and understanding) 3. PHYSIOTHERAPIST May work with pupils outside of school but can be asked to attend meetings and discussions to support pupil progress. 4. SPECIALIAST TEACHERS Offer advice and support to pupils with various needs some of which can include – behavioural problems, social and communication needs (such as autism) and English as an additional language. 5. SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT PARTNER Comes into school to offer advice and support the Head Teacher, 3 to 5 days of the year. They will have been in a senior advisory role in local authority and have experience of school leadership. Work alongside LEA. Look at ways to best develop the school. Task DComplete table You are required to identify six major pieces of legislation, codes of practice etc, which affect the work in schools. Describe how these promote achievement and wellbeing of the pupil’s. Legislation, codes of practice etcHow these promote achievement and wellbeing of pupil’s. THE UN CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD 1989Pupils are protected against discrimination. Personality, talent and abilities should be developed through education. Freedom of religion and to the right to express their own views are rights that every child has and should be respected. THE EDUCATION ACT 2002 Schools must work alongside community-based organisations – this is so that children from different backgrounds, religions, faiths and beliefs etc can be shown that despite their differences they have still got the same opportunities and work towards the same goals. CHILDREN ACT 2004 duty to provide effective and accessible services for all children and covers the five Every Child Matters outcomes THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT 2000 A school has a duty to provide information (from the past), help or advice to anyone who requests it but in some cases there will be information that must be kept confidential. THE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT 1998 Individual rights – gives a person the right to take action against authorities when their rights have been affected and they have been unfairly treated Data Protection Act 1998. Collects data in order to meet stat responsibilities for the provision of education to children. Some data shared with other agencies involved in the health and welfare of school children 2. Identify from the list of written policies prepared, which ones deal with the following: a)Staff HEALTH SAFETY POLICY, E-SAFEGUARDING POLICY, DATA PROTECTION POLICY, ATTENDANCE PUNCTUALITY POLICY, INDUCTION POLICY, INCLUSION POLICY, EQUAL OPPURTUNITIES POLICY, DISABILITY EQUALITY SCHEME, SEN POLICY, SAFEGUARDING POLICY, BEHAVIOUR: THE USE OF FORCE BY STAFF b)Pupil welfare. HEALTH SAFETY POLICY, E-SAFEGUARDING POLICY, DATA PROTECTION POLICY, ATTENDANCE PUNCTUALITY POLICY, , INCLUSION POLICY, EQUAL OPPURTUNITIES POLICY, DISABILITY EQUALITY SCHEME, SEN POLICY, SAFEGUARDING POLICY Teaching and learning E-SAFEGUARDING POLICY, ATTENDANCE PUNCTUALITY POLICY, , INCLUSION POLICY, EQUAL OPPURTUNITIES POLICY, DISABILITY EQUALITY SCHEME, SEN POLICY, SAFEGUARDING POLICY 3. Explain, with examples, the difference between a policy and a procedure. Policies mirror the mission statements and objectives of a school where as procedures are the actual actions required and put into place by staff to achieve this. While policies can be modified by management procedures are to be followed and adhered to. Eg. In my school Inclusion policy there is an introduction of the school beliefs and aims etc. but it also includes specific responsibilities for the Inclusion Governor, Head Teacher and all staff and procedures which must be followed to maintain an inclusive environment and what to do if they come across any kind of discrimination. 2. Complete the following table identifying four types of organisation which work with children and young people and describe how each of them might impact on the work of a school. Type of organisationHow they impact on the work of a school 1. social services Link up with schools when information needs to be shared, will work with schools family worker or meet with teachers – this can have a positive impact for the school as it can provide information they are unaware of and could shed light on why a child may be having problems within school. 2. children’s services The Children’s Services are connected to ‘every child matters’ 5 outcomes which are in the Children’s Act 2004 and 2006. The organisations which provide these services can be educational, social, health and more 3. youth services Youth services work closely with secondary schools and offer help and training to young people after the age of 14. 4. National Health Service Physiotherapists, occupational therapist and speech therapists are all professionals which can be employed by the NHS. The school nurse also can be employed by the NHS and they will come in on a yearly basis to do hearing tests and measure height etc – general health checks.

Relationship Between Identity and Employment

Relationship Between Identity and Employment How important is the relationship between a person’s occupation and his or her identity? Within human social contact, many of the interactions we have presume a link between paid occupation and identity. Such a presumption extends not only to the identity of the individual in question but also to the notion of a collective identity: an identity shared by the individual and his or her co-workers. The income generated from our work and the way in which we distribute it – the lifestyle it affords us – all help to shape our identity. However, there are other things which influence our identity; work being only one of them, and so establishing a causal link between occupation and identity can sometimes be difficult. When thinking about our identity within the economic framework of employment we must also consider the notion of representation: our feelings about our occupation and the money and lifestyle it affords us are shaped by the way others see us, and what they have.[1] Our identity is an encompassing concept that influences and is influenced by our relationships with other people. This logic dictates that our identities must be closely tied, in some way, to what we do, and how we interpret what we do in the context of our relationships. There is a close connection between doing and identity and the use of language in the creation of meaning and understanding of this[2]. Piaget[3] and Kagan[4] illustrate how children learn about the world through doing; how the realisation that we can act upon the environment contributes to our sense of self, and the realisation that we are separate from our environment. Children, therefore, come to realise that their actions have social meaning and that their approval as individuals is in direct correlation to what they do: we begin to learn about ourselves as individuals and as members of social groups. As we develop our identity is shaped by our competencies, especially in comparison with others, as well as our s ocial standing and the expectations placed upon us[5]. As adults, our identity becomes goal-oriented and this is largely influenced by society[6]. Occupation is a goal-oriented life activity. Goals are motivators because we view them in terms of the effect of goals met or unmet. Working late, volunteering, taking on extra responsibility allows us the opportunity to imagine praise, promotion, recognition because of our virtue. This imagining shapes our views of our future self and motivates us to further goal-directed action. Motivating images are often called possible selves[7] and they represent what we like might like to become or are afraid of becoming. Possible selves are useful for providing the catalyst to transfer thought to action and as we shape our own identity in a positive manner, our satisfaction increases. Our occupation is the vehicle through which we can develop and express our identities and in order for us to do so within our occupations we must demonstrate to others that we are competent to gain approval and avoid rejection. If we are competent it suggests that we are able to deal effectively with challenges that come our way; the more successful we are at dealing with challenges, the higher our self-confidence. Self-confidence highlights a clear link between our identity and a belief in the things that we are able to do. If our identities are crafted by our occupation and the way in which we perform within that sphere, then a threat to our ability to engage in an occupation becomes almost a threat to our identity. Disabilities often threaten the establishment of an identity based on competence.[8] Redundancy, for example, or unemployment can erode the shared experience of the labour process which can act as the basis for group identity[9] as well as the benchmark that enable us to sustain and articulate our individual identity.[10] For men, unemployment or redundancy can undermine their masculine identity as the traditional male-breadwinner and relegate them to the private rather than the public sphere, and for those used to employment, a lack of occupation can lead to identities becoming more privatised.[11] Turnbull argues that an occupational based identity may offer the individual the highest status and most positive self-image available to them.[12] In this way, those without an occupation, or w hose occupation affords them only the most basic living have identities defined by the notion of falling into a particular class, e.g. working class – here an identity is defined by subsistence. Poverty becomes a marker of status and position and can almost be a deprivation of identity. It is clear that an occupation is central to a sense of who we are and our worth which in turn influences how others see us and how we see other people, and since we spend most of our lives working this provides us with a sense of coherence which helps plays an important role in the shaping of both our individual and collective identity. It is important to note though, that occupation is only one factor amongst many which impacts upon our identity and its relative importance must be viewed alongside that of other social factors. In what ways do social factors shape our identities? It is true to suggest that our identity is made up of individual traits and interpersonal relationships as well as ideas and beliefs we derive from belonging to different groups. Every one of us has a number of different identities open to us and these identities tell us who we are and what each particular identity might involve. Social contexts will generally indicate which identity is most pertinent at any given time. Tajfel argues that there are times when our ‘group’ identity or social identity is more important to us than our personal identity and this decision is particularly dependent upon social factors.[13] Categorisation shapes our identities – when we categorise someone or something we do so in an attempt to understand them and their social environment. So labelling someone as a Muslim, or a Jew, or a football fan or black or white, unemployed or employed allows us to define the kinds of behaviour that are appropriate or even expected of that category. There are a number of different categories which bring with them their own factors which help to shape our identity and the behaviour that is expected of individuals who fall within a particular category. Perhaps some of the most obvious categories are those of race, gender, nationalism and class. When we talk about categorisation by gender, for example, it is often assumed that the role of an individual is defined by their genitalia and that there are social roles for males and social roles for females. This categorisation can be something against which individuals may rebel, but this can also be a group to which they belong tha t brings with it negative aspects, too. For example, a sub-category for women is often that of the victim; such groupings can have a substantial impact upon the identity of the individual. In everyday speech, we often use the word race to denote a group of individuals who have a particular way of talking about themselves and others – and again we often expect of these people particular types of behaviour, some of which can reinforce stereotypes and contribute to prejudice: social factors which can all affect the identity both of the individual themselves and the identity of the group itself.[14] We identify with groups we perceive that we belong to. This has two ramifications: part of what make me ‘me’ is my membership of a particular group, so sometimes there are in-groups and sometimes out-groups (us vs. them) but my identity is also shaped by the fact that I am truly a unique individual. My membership of a particular category or group is just as real to me as the fact that I know that I am unique. A further ramification of this concept is the notion that despite the fact that I am unique, my group self also makes me the same as others within my group. There will be some occasions when I will treat members of my group as being the same as me in some important and pertinent way. For example, I may believe that although I am different to the members of my group, in that I am ‘me’, I am also the same in that I believe that my nation is superior and more deserving of respect than yours (nationalism). Within individual groups Tajfel argues that group members compare themselves with each other, because this comparison allows them to define their group as positive (or negative) and therefore by default, see themselves in a positive (or negative) light. People are generally motivated to see their group as better than other similar groups, but often groups might try to belittle differences between groups in order to be able to view their own group favourably. For example, people from developing countries might regards their country as inferior technologically or economically but might believe that they live a morally much superior way of life. [15] Social factors, therefore, shape our identity in a variety of ways: they influence the way we view ourselves and others, the people we feel that we belong to and identify with, the behaviour we feel is expected of us, and of others and the worth we attribute to other individuals and groups, as well as to ourselves and the groups we feel we belong to. Bibliography Christiansen, C H. Defining Lives: Occupation as Identity: An Essay on Competence, Coherence and the Creation of Meaning. American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 1999 Cooley, C.H. Human nature and the social order. New York. Scribner. 1902 Kagan, J. The Second Year: the emergence of self-awareness. Cambridge, MA. HUP. 1981 MacKenzie, R. Stuart, M. Forde, C. Greenwood, E. Perrett, R. Gardiner, J. All that is Solid? Class Identity and the Maintenance of a Collective Orientation amongst Redundant Steel Workers. Sociology 2006. Piaget. J. The construction of reality in the child. 1954. Basic. New York. Ruble, D. Social Cognition and Social Behaviour: developmental perspectives. New York. CUP. 1983 Tajfel, H. Social identity and intergroup behavior. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 1982 Vygotsky, LS. The instrumental method in Psychology. P134-143. 1981. Woodward, K. ed. An introduction to the Social Sciences: Understanding Social Change: questioning identity: gender, class, nation. Routledge. London. 2002 1 Footnotes [1] Woodward, K. ed. An introduction to the Social Sciences: Understanding Social Change: questioning identity: gender, class, nation. Routledge. London. 2002 [2] Vygotsky, LS. The instrumental method in Psychology. P134-143. 1981. [3] Piaget. J. The construction of reality in the child. 1954. Basic. New York. [4] Kagan, J. The Second Year: the emergence of self-awareness. Cambridge, MA. HUP. 1981 [5] Ruble, D. Social Cognition and Social Behaviour: developmental perspectives. New York. CUP. 1983 [6] Cooley, C.H. Human nature and the social order. New York. Scribner. 1902 [7] Christiansen, C H. Defining Lives: Occupation as Identity: An Essay on Competence, Coherence and the Creation of Meaning. American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 1999 [8] Ibid. [9] MacKenzie, R. Stuart, M. Forde, C. Greenwood, E. Perrett, R. Gardiner, J. All that is Solid? Class Identity and the Maintenance of a Collective Orientation amongst Redundant Steel Workers. Sociology 2006. [10] Ibid. [11] Ibid. [12] Ibid. [13] Tajfel, H. Social identity and intergroup behavior. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 1982 [14] Woodward, K. ed. An introduction to the Social Sciences: Understanding Social Change: questioning identity: gender, class, nation. Routledge. London. 2002. [15] Tajfel, H. Social identity and intergroup behavior. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 1982

Pet Therapy for Pain and Anxiety Management

Pet Therapy for Pain and Anxiety Management Pain and Anxiety Management in Hospice care patients through Pet Therapy Arlena Davis Pet therapy is a form of treatment used in hospitals, nursing homes and educational institutions. It involves guided dealings between a trained animal, an individual and the animal trainer. Pet therapy offers patients the opportunity to improve their life through human-animal relations. The practice problem is to determine the effectiveness of using animals to aid humans cope better with health matters. For this proposal, the focus will be to determine the effectiveness of pet therapy in the treatment of hospice patients. Background and Significance The focus of this research proposal will be on Hospice care; planned care to provide medical services, spiritual and emotional support to individuals who are in the advanced stages of illness. It centers on comfort and abundance of life rather than cure. Hunters and gatherers first used the pet therapy and the initial report was done in late 18th century at the York Retreat in Britain headed by William Tuke. Domesticated pets, marine creatures and farm animals are the most used. Several benefits are associated with pet therapy, lower blood pressure and reduced depression. A major problem of pet therapy is although scientists present the relationship between humans and companion animals as favorable, there is need for investigational studies to determine its effectiveness. In using pet therapy, it is important that the rights of the people affected as those of their animal companions be respected. The patient can choose the pet of his choice to improve their health. The pets used are service animals and must be allowed to accompany a disabled person wherever they go. However, caution should be taken to avoid pets with a temperament as they tend to be a nuisance. Elderly people and people suffering from chronic illnesses are the most affected. Pet therapy has its complications and can be costly. Failure of this therapy can result in a painful and intolerable death for a patient in a short period. Pet therapy gives hospice patients and their families some hope of a quality life. If this program fails, the family members of the patient might suffer from depression. It might also instill fear and uncertainty to patients undergoing pet therapy. Pet therapy can be costly because it entails hiring a certified and well-trained pet. In addition, hospice patients may need to be in a health facility. Review of Literature The research proposal discusses the different studies conducted concerning pet therapy by various authors. It includes both theoretical reviews of data previously recorded and empirical studies in different places with patients of different age groups. The different study designs applied by the authors include; systematic review of the evidence, Quasi-experimental investigations, review of qualitative studies, survey questionnaires, randomized control trial and pre-post quasi-experimental design. According to Stem (2011), pet therapy treatment enables patients in a hospice get short time relief from pain, stress and anxiety. He however did not have an in-depth analysis due to lack of quality research data. The review was conducted on the comments 31of professionals who used Animal Assisted therapy (AAT) for mental health care. Animal Assisted Therapy was beneficial (O’Callaghan, 2008). The method provided qualitative, and the interpretation could have been biased. A convenience sample of 58 residents living in a facility was studied to determine the changes in the use of medication. A Decline in pain Medication use (Lust, Ryan-Haddad, Coover, Snell, 2007). AAT helped in rehabilitating schizophrenic patients (Kovà ¡cs, Kis, Rà ³zsa, Rà ³zsa, 2004). The findings were made after surveying the independent living skills of seven schizophrenic patients at a hospice. In a different approach, pre-post quasi-experimental design was used on hospitalized patients with the aim of finding out the effects on not only their mood but also the cost incurred. Pet therapy improved mood in hospitalized patients and was cost effective (Coakley Mahoney, 2009). The patients in hospice care also include children. In this research proposal, a review of the effectiveness of pet therapy on them is also done. AAT has benefits for the children in pain. The group having AAT had a significant loss in pain level relative to the control group (Braun, Stangler, Narveson, Pettingell, 2009). Survey questionnaires also serve as an excellent source of conducting research. In one such instance used to investigate the effectiveness of pet therapy, Companion animals reduced anxiety (Peacock, Chur-Hansen, Winefield, 2012). The conclusion was made after reviewing the responses of a sample of 70 hospitalized patients. Persons with neurological conditions also get assistance through pet therapy to help improve their functioning. In one of the prospective studies, the researchers focused on the improvement in walking distance covered and the speed of the patient as well. Walking with a dog improved patient ambulation and patients responded positively to the experience (Rita, Brienne Joseph, 2007) However, the positive findings of using pet therapy do not reflect the opinions of all the researchers. Anxiety inventory did not decrease significantly but was low after Animal Assisted Therapy (Ekeberg Braastad, 2011). Also according to Bercovitz, Sengupta, Jones, Harris-kojetin, (2011), there are no differences in demographics, health, functional status between patients discharged from hospice or those who got complementary and alternative therapies CAT. They made this conclusion by reviewing the outcomes of complementary and alternative therapies. The different research methods applied by the researchers had their shortcomings. The most common being; lack of randomness in sample selection, biased interpretations due to use of either qualitative or quantitative information, the lack of evidence of the cause and effect and a limited sample size. The findings of some researcher proved quite unreliable, as they did not do follow-ups on their subjects. It is crucial to know how Animal Assisted Therapy works and which animals are best suited for this treatment. Research Problem Introducing a pet into the life of a patient has been proven to distract the patient from pain, anxiety and reduces hypertension. Furthermore, it helps patients regain control of their social and communication skills (unity point, n.d.). The caregivers use this option to provide palliative care; care aimed at reducing pain, suffering and discomfort in order to provide them with a better chance at living (1800hospice, n.d.). Control of pain and anxiety is the main aim of hospice care. The option is considered when one is no longer aggressive in treating illness and is ready to accept death. A caregiver’s responsibility is to offer the best therapy possible. The patients find it easier to interact with the animals than with family members (Hospice of North Central Ohio, 2014). Study Purpose Studies have indicated that the presence of a pet in the facility help relieve patients’ pain and gives the staff morale to continue providing care to the patients. The act of petting has an automatic and subconscious relaxing and calming effect (Methodist Health, 2014). Furthermore, the use of pets can help bridge the communication gap between the patient, the doctor and family (Matuszek, 2010). Theoretical Framework and Conceptual Definitions The theory of comfort asserts that comfort exists in three main forms; relief, ease and transcendence. When the comfort needs of the patient are met, he experiences comfort in the form of getting relief (March McCormack,2009). Ease facilitates the comfort of a patient through contentment by arraying any fears and anxiety from the patient. Transcendence facilitates the patient achieve a level of comfort by rising above any challenges during or after treatment. The theory posits that patient comfort occurs in four contexts; physical, psycho-spiritual, socio-cultural and environmental (Kolcaba DiMarco, 2005). It emphasizes that patients are individuals, families, institutions and even communities that need healthcare services. The environment encompasses any aspects of the patient, family or institution that nurses may manipulate in order to provide comfort to patients. Rationale The theory is a good fit for the study since it informs the need for nurses and patient’s relatives to pursue available methodologies to mitigate pain and patient discomforts. The theory fosters courage and spirit of enthusiasm and positivity and reminds nurses not to give up (Lasiuk Ferguson, 2005). The independent variable is pet therapy to reduce pain while the dependent variable is end of life patient management. The independent and dependent variables are linked to the concepts since the choice of appropriate therapies is ideal to effective patient management especially in the end of life processes. In order to attain desirable relief for the patient, the nursing personnel formulates proper nursing care plans and continuously evaluates comfort levels of the patient to determine the need for change (Melnyk Overholt, 2010). The nurse may use objective or subjective measures to evaluate the levels of comfort for the patient. Objective assessments involve, making observations of the patient and the healing process. Subjective measures include seeking the patient’s comments. Hypothesis Hospice care patients and their families will chose pet therapy as a feasible treatment option when end of life conversations are being debated at the time of diagnosis. Design and Rationale The research design will be in the form of a cross-sectional survey of pain and anxiety management in hospice care through pet therapy. It will be used to determine the success of this treatment and to predict its usefulness in future. The rationale of using the cross-sectional approach is because this proposal will focus on one variable; the effectiveness of pet therapy for hospice care using data collected in different institutions during the same period. Population and Sample The appropriate population for this proposal is the patients under hospice care. The sample will be chosen randomly which will include patients in hospitals, nursing homes and those in hospice care institution. Since the number of patients is large, the sample size for this study will be 60 patients involving people of different ages and suffering from different illnesses. Human Subjects Protection In conducting this study, the ethical practice of human subject protection will be adhered to. The research will be based on objectivity and the data collected from the patients will only be used for the research. The relevant authorities of such as family and institution directors will be consulted for permission. Operational Definition The independent variable for this research proposal is the use of pet therapy to reduce pain and anxiety in hospice patients. Pet therapy is a program, which involves creating a relationship between a patient and animal to help improve their health condition. The dependent variable is the end of life patient management this is provided through hospice care to patients who are in the late years of their life. Measurement Discussion In determining the success of use of pet therapy in managing pain and anxiety among hospice patients, both qualitative and quantitative measurements will be done. The key factors to be considered will be the amount of time spent with the pet, the blood pressure of individuals before and after pet therapy. The state of depression shall also be monitored as well as the amount of intake of pain relievers. Summary Pet therapy for hospice care patients has proven very helpful remedy during the end of life stage. The animals provide companionship and sense calmness in the patient’s life. In depth, research should be done to determine the animals that best suit the treatment and to establish how the treatment occurs. For this proposal, the focus will be to determine the effectiveness of pet therapy in the treatment of hospice patients. References 1800hospice. (n.d.). Hospice Terms | 1-800-HOSPICE.1800hospice.com. Retrieved 17 July 2014, from http://www.1800hospice.com/understanding-homecare/hospice-terms/ Bercovitz, A., Sengupta, M., Jones, A., Harris-kojetin, L. D. (2011). Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Hospice The National Home and Hospice Care Survey : United States , 2007. National Health Statistics Reports, 33, 1-20. Braun, C., Stangler, T., Narveson, J., Pettingell, S. (2009). Animal-assisted therapy as a pain relief intervention for children. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 15(2), 105-109. Coakley, A. B., Mahoney, E. K. (2009). Creating a therapeutic and healing environment with a pet therapy program. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 15(3), 141-146. Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Hospice: The National Home and Hospice Care Survey: United States, 2007. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, 2011. Cummings, K. (n.d.). End of Life and Hospice Care | Taking Charge of Your Health Wellbeing.Taking Charge of Your Health Wellbeing. Retrieved 17 July 2014, from http://www.takingcharge.csh.umn.edu/conditions/end-life-and-hospice-care DArcy, Y. (2011). Paws to provide comfort, relieve pain.Nursing2014,41(4), 6768. DogsDoingGood. (2013). Therapy vs. Service Dog.Dogs Doing Good | Helping families. Training dogs. Changing lives.. Retrieved 17 July 2014, from http://dogsdoinggood.com/web/therapy-vs-service-dog/ Ekeberg O., B. B., Braastad, I. P. and B. O. (2011). Animal-Assisted Therapy with Farm Animals for Persons with Psychiatric Disorders: Effects on Anxiety and Depression, a Randomized Controlled Trial. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 27(1), 50-64. Harrington SE. Smith, (2009). The role of chemotherapy of the end of life. Hospice of North Central Ohio. (2014). Complementary Therapies.Hospiceofnorthcentralohio.org. Retrieved 17 July 2014, from http://www.hospiceofnorthcentralohio.org/care-services/hospice-care/complementary-therapies Kolcaba, K. DiMarco, M. (2005). Comfort theory and its application topediatric nursing. Pediatric Nursing, 31(3): 187-194 Kolcaba, K. (2006). Comfort theory:A unifying framework to enhance the practice environment. Journal of Nursing Administration, 36(11): 538-544. Kovà ¡cs, Z., Bulucz, J., Kis, R., Simon, L. (2006). An exploratory study of the effect of animal-assisted therapy on nonverbal communication in three schizophrenic patients. Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People Animals. Kovà ¡cs, Z., Kis, R., Rà ³zsa, S., Rà ³zsa, L. (2004). Animal-assisted therapy for middle-aged schizophrenic patients living in a social institution. A pilot study. Clinical rehabilitation, 18(5), 483-486. Lasiuk, G. Ferguson, L. (2005). From practice to midrangetheory and back again.Advances in Nursing Science, 28(2): 127-136. Lehigh Happening. (2013). Pet Therapy â€Å"Photos with Santa’s Jingle Dogs† at Cedarbook.Lehigh Happening. Retrieved 17 July 2014, from http://lehigh.happeningmag.com/pet-therapy-santas-jingle-dogs Lust, E., Ryan-Haddad, A., Coover, K., Snell, J. (2007). Measuring clinical outcomes of animal-assisted therapy: impact on resident medication usage. The Consultant pharmacist: the journal of the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists. March, A. McCormack,D. (2009). Nursing theory-directed healthcare: Modifying Kolcabas Comfort Theory as an institution-wide approach. Holistic Nursing Practice, 23(2): 75-80. Matuszek, S. (2010). Animal-facilitated therapy in various patient populations: systematic literature review. Holistic Nursing Practice,24(4), 187203. McEwen, M. Wills, E. (2011). Theoretical basis for nursing. (3rd ed). Philadelphia. Oxford university press. Melnyk, B. Overholt, E. (2010). Evidence-based practice in nursing healthcare: A guide to best practice (2nd ed). New York. Sage publications. MethodistHealth. (2014). Pet Therapy at Methodist Hospice Bring Patients Joy.Methodisthealth.org. Retrieved 17 July 2014, from http://www.methodisthealth.org/news-and-events/news/2014/pet-therapy-at-methodist-hospice-bring-patients-joy.dot Myers, J. (2012). PAWSitive bedside outcomes: The value of animal-assisted therapy. Med Surg Matters, 21(5), 1. OCallaghan, D. M. (2008). Exploratory study of animal assisted therapy interventions used by mental health professionals (Doctoral dissertation, University of North Texas). Peacock, J., Chur-Hansen, A., Winefield, H. (2012). Mental Health Implications of Human Attachment to Companion Animals. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(3), 292-303. Rita K Bode Brienne R Costa Ctrs Joseph B Frey, B. (2007). The impact of animal-assisted therapy on patient ambulation: A feasibility study. American Journal of Recreation Therapy, 6(3), 7-19. Selby, A., Smith-Osborne, A. (2013). A systematic review of effectiveness of complementary and adjunct therapies and interventions involving equines. Health Psychology, 32(4), 418. Snyder, M., Lindquist, R. (2006). Complementary/alternative therapies in nursing. New York: Springer Pub. Co. Sobo, E. J., Eng, B., Kassity-Krich, N. (2006). Canine visitation (pet) therapy: pilot data on decreases in child pain perception. Journal of holistic nursing : official journal of the American Holistic NursesÊ ¼ Association Stern, C. (2011). Canines Utilised For Therapeutic Purposes In The Physical And Social Health Of Older People In Long Term Care (Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide). Taylor, M. A. (2012). Pet therapy / canine visitors bring cheer to hospice patients. The Commercial Appeal (2007-Current) Tsai, C.-C., Friedmann, E., Thomas, S. A. (2010). The Effect of Animal-Assisted Therapy on Stress Responses in Hospitalized Children. Anthrozoos: A Multidisciplinary Journal of The Interactions of People Animals. U.S. Department of justice: Civil Rights Division (2010) Service animals Urbanski, B. L., Lazenby, M. (2012). Distress Among Hospitalized Pediatric Cancer Patients Modified By Pet-Therapy Intervention to Improve Quality of Life. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing. Van Hyfte, G. J., Kozak, L. E., Lepore, M. (2013). A survey of the use of complementary and alternative medicine in Illinois Hospice and Palliative Care Organizations.American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine, 1049909113500378. VNA hospice volunteers complete training. (2013). The Evening Sun Wenger NS, Verpa PM, (2010) Ethical issues in patients-physician communication about therapy for cancer professional responsibility of the ecologist

Theories of Mass Extinction :: essays research papers

Scientists have found the first evidence that a devastating meteor impact in the Middle East might have triggered the mysterious collapse of civilisations more than 4,000 years ago. Studies of satellite images of southern Iraq have revealed a two-mile-wide circular depression which scientists say bears all the hallmarks of an impact crater. If confirmed, it would point to the Middle East being struck by a meteor with the violence equivalent to hundreds of nuclear bombs. Today's crater lies on what would have been shallow sea 4,000 years ago, and any impact would have caused devastating fires and flooding. The catastrophic effect of these could explain the mystery of why so many early cultures went into sudden decline around 2300 BC. They include the demise of the Akkad culture of central Iraq, with its mysterious semi-mythological emperor Sargon; the end of the fifth dynasty of Egypt's Old Kingdom, following the building of the Great Pyramids and the sudden disappearance of hundreds of early settlements in the Holy Land. Until now, archaeologists have put forward a host of separate explanations for these events, from local wars to environmental changes. Recently, some astronomers have suggested that meteor impacts could explain such historical mysteries. The crater's faint outline was found by Dr Sharad Master, a geologist at the University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, on satellite images of the Al 'Amarah region, about 10 miles north-west of the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates and home of the Marsh Arabs. "It was a purely accidental discovery," Dr Master told The Telegraph last week. "I was reading a magazine article about the canal-building projects of Saddam Hussein, and there was a photograph showing lots of formations - one of which was very, very circular." Detailed analysis of other satellite images taken since the mid-1980s showed that for many years the crater contained a small lake. The draining of the region, as part of Saddam's campaign against the Marsh Arabs, has since caused the lake to recede, revealing a ring-like ridge inside the larger bowl-like depression - a classic feature of meteor impact craters. The crater also appears to be, in geological terms, very recent. Dr Master said: "The sediments in this region are very young, so whatever caused the crater-like structure, it must have happened within the past 6,000 years." Reporting his finding in the latest issue of the journal Meteoritics &;amp Planetary Science, Dr Master suggests that a recent meteor impact is the most plausible explanation for the structure.

Why Our Grading System is Important :: Free Essays

Why Our Grading System is Important   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Contrary to the belief of Arthur Lean, author of the article 'The Farce Called 'Grading'';, students are 'naturally, stupid dolts who must somehow be coerced, cajoled, persuaded, threatened, strong-armed into learning.'; Those few however, who are not, can go to college where an honor code is in place, such as New College of USF or Harvey Mudd, and the 'farce'; called grading will be of no encumbrance to the individual. The rest of the students need a system by which academic achievement can be measured. After observing many a high school student, it is apparent that without a system of scholastic comparison very few would strive to learn. What motivation would there be to read that extra page or two the night before the big examination? In the world of grading, the extra page could mean 20 points on a physics test. In the unrealistic world of Lean, however, that one page which could result in the absolute epiphany of the reader, could mean nothing, save the writt en reports of 'descriptive comments… dependability, intelligence, and honesty.';   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Arthur Lean claims that it would be more beneficial to an employer to have written reports regarding certain character traits of job seekers. This, he states, is more helpful to the employer than say, 'a B-plus in college algebra.'; This idea is altogether untrue. Working as a computer technician, I was informed by my employer that the most advantageous part of my application was my advanced level of high school classes and standardized math test scores. Letters of recommendation were disregarded in his statement. In short, any job that requires high levels of thought and logic can be matched with individuals who present high test scores. Any Microsoft employer would quickly argue that evidence of strong computer programming (i.e. grades, original written programming code, previous jobs) are better indicators of expected performance than written letters of characteristic traits, or history of parent-teacher conferences.

Padini Holding Berhad Essay

1.1 Background of the company Padini is a Malaysian-domiciled investment-holding company headquartered in HicomGlenmarie Industrial Park, Shah Alam. Incorporated in 1971 as proprietorship under the trade name Hwayo Garments Manufacturers Company, Padini was initially engaged in the manufacture and wholesale of ladies wear. The company subsequently added men’s and children’s lines to its offerings when it established its first three brands from 1975 – 1987. In 1988, Padini discarded its role as wholesaler to take up the role of consignor. Thereafter, the first single-brand store distributing Seed was opened in 1992 in Sungei Wang Plaza, Kuala Lumpur. The company has nine labels in its family of brands and retail in 330 freestanding stores, franchised outlets and consignment counters in Malaysia and around the world. The company’s subsidiaries include Vincci Ladies’ Specialties Centre Sdn. Bhd., which is engaged in dealing of ladies’ shoes and accessories; Padini C orporation Sdn Bhd., Seed Corporation Sdn. Bhd., Yee Fong Hung (Malaysia) SendirianBerhad (Yee Fong Hung) and Padini International Limited, which is engaged in dealing of garments and ancillary products; Padini Dot Com Sdn. Bhd. (Padini Dot Com), which is engaged in provision of management services, and Mikihouse Children’s Wear Sdn. Bhd. (Mikihouse), which is engaged in dealing of children’s garments, maternity wear and accessories. Tizio was introduced to the public with the opening of its first outlet in Mid Valley Megamall in Nov 2012 and subsequently in Paradigm Mall on 23 May 2013. Like almost all of the Group’s Brands, Tizio was developed in  -house by, and is registered to the group. Anticipate more presence from Tizio in the coming years as the brand has been slated to become an addition to the group’s portfolio of core brands.  On 5 March 1998, the group was listed on the Second Board of Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad (Bursa) and thereafter, transferred to the Main Board on 4 August 2004. The Main and Second Boards merged on 3 August 2009. Major shareholders of the group as at 8 July 2013 are Pang Chaun Yong with 44% and Skim Amanah Saham Bumiputera with 5.0%.

Childhood Nostalgia Essay

Childhood memories never fade easily, and I long for the life I had as a child, as many others do. Nostalgia will always be a part of me, as my childhood was simply unforgettable and wonderful. When I was a child, I lived with my grandparents for a while, as my parents are both busy with work in their company. I still have a clear visual memory about my grandparents’ traditional Chinese house. The old wooden gate with black rings on both sides displays the typical Asian atmosphere. When I open the gate, I immediately smell the smoke of burning wood used to heat the house. The split firewood is stacked on the side wall of the house, enough for several winters. The front yard is covered in green fresh grass which turns into yellow dry grass as winter approaches. Some stones are imbedded in the grass like a bridge to the house from the gate. It was truly a view few other places can compete, and it’s a break from the concrete urban jungle I was used to in the cities. A medium-sized pomegranate tree is planted in the corner of the yard, and its sweet sour fruits are picked and eaten. These fruits are some of the most delicious I’d ever had, and I still long for them every single day. As a child, I was always amazed how the tree bore the red delicious fruit every year. It was then I realized how food always tastes better when you grow them yourself. Finally, there is a titanic rectangular building that seems simple in shape but complex in other aspects. The black tiled roof, in my opinion, is the most appealing strength of the house as those hundreds of tiles are engraved with delicate patterns, making the tiles bumpy and coarse. Under the roof, there is a tiny nest of swallows which symbolize peace and happiness in China. The morning at my grandparents’ house is welcomed everyday with the harmonic songs that the birds provide. These fine details of the house always linger in my head, persuading me to visit my grandparents, as these memories are simply timeless.

Gaps in education sector

Therefore, we applied a quality gaps model to ten courses belonging to the open university system In Brazil, researching course coordinatorsand students. Themulti-methods researchnoticed that institutionsgenerallydo not adopta market- riented model for decision-making in their courses and, therefore do not own d well- defined process to identity students' expectations and, consequently,to create quality strategies andpoliciesbased on theseexpectations. On the otherhand. lthoughhigher educatlonls legallyregulatedby the Ministry ofEducatlon, Institutions seekdifferentiation in the market byhiring and retaining qualified and caring personnel end by thedevelopment oflnnovetlveendexcltlnglearnlng actlvltlesthat stimulatestudent motivation. These actions are strategically differentiated and help reducing barriers related to distance education. Theinfrastructure which Is vital to thesuccess of atechnology-based coursels, stlll,a Ilmltanonlnremote areas. Flnally, a t- test shcwved there was a favorableperception of quality for both students andcoordlnators, but the latterwere moreoptlmlstlc Services quality.Introduction The study of services quality date of 1980's. These studies began with Parasuraman, Zeithaml and Berry published papers. Until then quality used to be studied only by operations field, which focus on tangible products quality. In operations quality means the absence of defects or compliance with the requirements of production [1]. Operations approach to quality assessment proved inadequate for the study of services, given its peculiar characteristics: intangibility, heterogeneity and inseparability . lntangibility means the inability to account for, store and test a service before its delivery.The heterogeneity comes from the intrinsic variability of the service, it means, a service will have different performance depending on the service provider, the client engagement and the context in which service is provided. Finally, inseparability concerns to th e fact that a service is consumed simultaneously to its production. These unique Mantovant Dateliy Mn et. al. l sep. -oct. 2013 | vol. 2 1 Issue 5130-39 characteristics make it difficult to assess quality for a service [1]. Parasuraman et al. were pioneers in assessing quality in services.Their approach was so successful that it has been used since the 80's. For the authors, unlike tangible products, the quality of a service refers to the perception customers have about it[l] and this perception occurs during the interaction between the client and the service provider [2]. Under this perspective, perceived quality is measured by the difference between the perceived erformance of a service and the initial expectations about it (service quality = perception of service performance – expectations about the service). pproach considers that expectations refer to the service desired by the customer and the minimum level of service acceptable in his/her point of view. Then, a zone of Available online at www. management]ournal. info tolerance is created, determining satisfactory and acceptable levels of service [3]. Difference between perception of service performance and initial expectations gave rise to what is called â€Å"gaps model of service quality', the object of this study. Pioneer studies focused on banking services quality, credit card and maintenance services [1].Services quality assessment became popular and other services began to be studied in the same light. Higher education can be understood under services point of view, since education market has become client-oriented (considering student as a client). This means education market is no longer purely education-oriented (pedagogy-oriented), which makes it possible to consider education institutions as providers of educational products and services [4]. It is important to note that education is not a common service, like banking or estaurant services, since it owns a key role in society and has a non-business mission to develop criticalcitizens.Education core mission is social, non-commercial; it means education aims to develop better human beings and better citizens Higher education institutions (HE's) have been facing fierce local and global competition, besides of challenges, such as high dropout rates and limited understanding of the market and students' needs. Online distance education has outstanding participation in increasing competitiveness among institutions around the approach feasible for education comprehension Word of mouth communicationIn Brazil, distance education has been gaining importance. In 2010, 14. 6 % of college students were attending distance education course, compared to Just 0. 2 % in 2002 [7]. This scenario can be explained by the expansion of education in Brazil, with the creation of new institutions, creation of new vacancies and creation of the Open University of Brazil (I-JAB), subject matter of the article. Distance education, for its pecu liar characteristics (space and temporal separation between instructor and student, technology intensive use, learner empowerment etc. faces its own challenges, such as student motivation ifficulties, high dropout rates and time management trouble. Given social importance of education, the growing role of distance education in Brazil and the challenges faced by this modality, the purpose of this article is to assess quality gaps in a distance education undergraduate course. We studied Public Administration undergraduate distance course from the Open University of Brazil, using the perspective of services quality.Thus, we compared students' and managers' (course coordinators) perceptions about the education services provided. We collected data from institutions belonging to I-JAB project and applied oth qualitative and quantitative methods in a multi-method research approach. Quality Gaps Parasuramanet al. [1] were pioneer on services quality research. As a result, they observed gaps between executives perceptions and consumers' perceptions about a same service quality, which gave rise to a five gap model, presented in Fig. 1.

Immigration to the United States Essay

Immigrants in the the United States have been the backbone for American for centries. People from all over the world have come to live the American dream that so many hear about throughout the world. America has been home to every different natationalty one can think of, and between the years of 1836 to 1914, over 30 million Europeans migrated to the United States. [1] Now, in that time most of those immigrants were coming to America to become citizen of the United States with hopes of finding their own American dream. Today, the chase for the American dream has become a lot different and the majority of the immigrants funneling into American are the Latin Americans. With the hardships happen throughout Latin America, many are forced into finding a better life abroad. Like many other immigrants in the past, Latin Americans are turning to the United States for a better life. Economist have been trying to understand the effects immigration has had on the United States both positively and negatively for many years now. It is a hard task to understand the effects that Latin Americans have had on the United States labor market and there are many factors to be understood and many variables to examine. For this paper, I attempt to identify the outstanding influential factors that have charged this new wave of immigrants and effects it has had on the US economy both positively and negatively. The Pew Hispanic Center estimated in December 2012 that there were 11. 1 million unauthorized immigrants living in the U. S. s of March 2011, unchanged from the previous two years and a continuation of the sharp decline from its peak of 12 million in 2007. This decline has been the first significant decrease following two decades of growth up to 2007 [5]. Net immigration from Mexico to the U. S. has stopped and possibly reversed since 2010 and at its peak in 2000, about 770,000 immigrants arrived annually from Mexico; the majority arrived illegally. By 2010, the inflow had dropped to about 140,000, a majority of whom arrived as legal immigrants. 5] To understand the economics of this new immigration wave, one must find the main networks in which the Latin American are using to become part of the US economic system. Latin Americans came by the millions and many chose big cities like Los Angeles, Chicago, Dallas and many parts of the American southwest. The reasoning behind that in somewhat obvious; because there are more jobs in big cities. Although the illegal immigrants were not aiming at high paid jobs in big cities, many Americans don’t see the effect it has had to them personally. Like many Latin American immigrants, they turned to jobs that are mostly manual labor and require little education. Many choose this route because that is where the majority of Latin Americans can fit in and work in the US economy. When immigrants choose to migrate to another country, they tend to stay together and rely on one another for survival. â€Å"They find that most relationships are based on kinship, friendship, and in particular, paisanaje (belonging to a common origin-community). Ties among paisanos actually appear to strengthen once they arrive in the United States, and this sociological change is reinforced by the emergence of community-based institutions, such as soccer clubs, which bring the migrants together. â€Å"[2] Forming a community of immigrants in the same region make it easier to find jobs without having to start from scratch in an unknown world. Like many other immigrants in the past, they want to live close and stay together so it is easier to prosper economically. Illegal immigrants choose to work for below the minimum wage because one, they are illegal and cannot turn to the government for reinforcement, and two, they are making more money in the United States then they were in Latin America. Also, many firms in the United States would rather hire an illegal immigrant that is willing to work for less money versus an American citizen who is obligated to make minimum wage. When the recession hit the United States, more and more employers were forced to hire illegal immigrants which caused a vicious cycle throughout the American economy. American tax payers were losing jobs to illegal immigrants that were not paying taxes that ultimately dammaged the economy. Many saw this as a horrible cycle that was strictly caused by illegal immigrants and many make a compelling argument but on the contrary, it drives American citizens to become more educated and fight for higher paying jobs. For instance, â€Å"immigrants are usually allocated to manual-intensive jobs, promoting competition and pushing natives to perform communication-intensive tasks more efficiently. This process, at the same time, reorganizes firms’ structure, producing efficiency gains and pushing natives towards cognitive and communication- intensive jobs that are better paid. â€Å"[3] These effects might take sometime to unfold fully and be visible to the American people and the American economy but as history has told us, immigration does had a positive effect in the long-run. When the economy is growing, new immigration creates jobs in sufficient numbers to leave native employment unharmed, even in the relatively short run. During downturns, however, new immigrants are found to have a small negative impact on native employment in the short run (but not the long run)[3]. Though the share of low- skilled native-born individuals in the US labor force has fallen, employers continue to require less-educated workers in US agriculture, construction, food processing, building cleaning and maintenance, and other low-end jobs [2]. Immigrants, unauthorized immigrants in particular, have stepped in to provide the source of manpower. Unauthorized immigrant workers have been an important source of low-skilled labor supply to the US economy for many decades. With that, the burst of illegal immigrants moving into a certain region is hard for any economy to cope with. With the millions of people migrating to certain cities within the US, many firms were overwhelmed. Firms could not provide jobs to the American tax payers because of recession so many Americans turned to unemployment, which then relys on the government for support, which is another vicious cycle that has a negative effect through the entire United States. Although many see themsleves as low-skilled workers, other latin americans come to the United States for education. Parents see a brighter future for their children in America and being a illegal is worth the risk. Also, illegal immigration occurs because foreign workers can earn much more in the United States than they can at home and US immigration restrictions prevent them from entering the country through legal means. Consider the gain to emigration for a young urban male in Mexico who has completed nine years of education (which in Mexico is equivalent to finishing secondary school). Simply by moving to the United States, the worker’s annual income would rise by 2. times, even after controlling for cost-of-living differences between the two countries. [5] The income gain from migration is a result of international differences in labor productivity, with labor in the United States being far more productive than in Mexico [6]. People who want a high paying job in the United States have to come legally. Compared to the rest of the world, the United States has a high number or well educate d citizens. Since there has been many advances in technology, many now want to go to the United States for high paid jobs which the demand is increasing. For this many turn to green cards for legal immigration and will be allowed a certain amount of time to work in the United States. For high-skilled labor, legal immigration is the primary means of entering the United States. Compared to the rest of the world, the United States has an abundant supply of highly educated labor. One might expect that, if anything, skilled labor would want to leave the country rather than try to move here. However, over the past two decades the U. S. economy has enjoyed rapid advances in new technology, which have increased the demand for highly skilled labor. 7] The spread of information technology, among other developments, has created demand for software programmers, electrical engineers, and other skilled technicians. Even with the abundant U. S. supply of educated labor, technology-induced increases in labor demand have made the country an attractive destination for educated workers from abroad. Employment-based green cards and temporary work visas m ake such skilled immigration possible. Although many Latin Americans do try for a green card, many are turned away because of the long process and abundance of new illegal immigrants already in the United States. These benefits, however, are not shared equally. Labor inflows from abroad redistribute income away from workers who compete with immigrants in the labor market [4]. George Borjas estimates that over the period 1980 to 2000 immigration contributed to a decrease in average U. S. wages of 3 percent. [9] This estimate accounts for the total change in the U. S. labor force due to immigration, including both legal and illegal sources. Since immigration is concentrated among the low-skilled, low-skilled natives are the workers most likely to be hurt. Over the 1980 to 2000 period, wages of native workers without a high school degree fell by 9 percent as a result of immigration [8]. On the other hand, lower wages for low-skilled labor mean lower prices for goods and services, especially those whose prices are set in local markets rather than through competition in global markets [8]. Patricia Cortes finds that in the 1980s and 1990s U. S. cities with larger inflows of low-skilled immigrants experienced larger reductions in prices for housekeeping, gardening, child care, dry cleaning, and other labor-intensive, locally traded services[8]. On top of all that, according th laws of the Untied States, any citizen born on US soil if classified a American citizen. This law has caused the many problems for the Untied States and the illegal immigrants are taking full advantage of it. They cross the border into the US and immediately start having children. Now, the law was implemented a long time ago when migration to the US was needed but n ow it is a big problem because America now has millions of illegal immigrants not paying taxes and not getting health insurance but everything they do requires the help from legal tax payers. It is unfair to all tax payers and puts a damper on the US economy. Although some undocumented immigrants receive Social Security and Medicare benefits, the majority do not receive any benefits from those programs[10]. Since false Social Security numbers are not directly linked to an individual who can take advantage of Social Security benefits, the majority of contributions to Social Security from undocumented immigrants go into an earnings suspense file. The Social Security Administration factors in the over $7 billion annual contributions from undocumented im- migrants into the Social Security Administration’s calculations and projections for the solvency of Social Security. 10] The retirement of the baby boom generation will lead to increased expenditures for Social Security and additional tax revenue is needed to provide Social Security benefits to current and future retirees. [11] Since undocumented immigrants are ineligible to receive government services, it is estimated that undocumented immi- grants pay an average of $1,800 per househ old, per year more to Social Security and Medicare than they utilize in services [12] Therefore, undocumented immigrants actually help Social Security and Medicare and help to provide services to current and future retirees. Moving forward to the the state and local level of immigrantion which sheds light to the impat on a smaller scale. While current rhetoric in the immigration debate decries how undocumented workers steal jobs, immigrants working in the U. S. do not take away jobs from citizens; instead they stimulate the state and local economies and complement the workforce by providing a necessary pool of unskilled labor. [13] Although there are many costs involved, there may be economic benefits associated with having undocumented children in schools that are often not considered. Higher student enrollment can create more jobs, not just for teachers, but for all educational related services like administrators, maintenance staff, teaching assistants and other professionals, bus drivers, and other school staff which would help local and state economies. The creation of jobs as a result of higher student enrollment often results in an increase in federal funding for schools and can lead to an increase in state and local revenue generated by income and sales taxes. [14] Also, when ore people are going to school there is back school shopping which also has a big impact for business during the year. Contrary to the implication that immigrants exacerbate unemployment, high rates of immigration are linked to less unemployment [16]. This does not diminish the economy, but encourages specialization and increases wages for native workers [17]. Most undocumented immigrants in the U. S. work in low-skilled jobs and do not compete with American workers. The influx of low-skilled laborers into the U. S. as been shown to slow the decline of manufacturing industries and contribute to the creation of new jobs [18]. For example, the Bell Policy Center found that for every job held by an undocumented immigrant in Colorado, 0. 8 jobs are created [19]. While there are not that many official estimates from the federal government showing how much undocumented immigrants contribute to the U. S. economy, the research indicates that undocumented immigration is part of a positive force that immigration has upon the U. S. economy.