How does the writer of the play A Kind of Alaska show the struggle in Deborahs awakening Essay Example

How does the writer of the play A Kind of Alaska show the struggle in Deborahs awakening Essay The awakening of Deborah in the play A Kind of Alaska is a very slow progressing process, causing it to be one drawn out tense moment throughout the play. The struggle that is happening throughout the play conveys how difficult it is for Deborah to come to terms with herself and things that have happened without her influence. Confusion, reality and truth are the key points in causing the struggle for her, and decide on how she comes to terms with her life.Deborah succumbed to a sleeping illness when she was fifteen. She has been in that illness for twenty-nine years and is not aware of anything that has taken place since the point she fell asleep.At the opening of the play, Deborah finds herself awakening in a plain room with two chairs, a table and the doctor. This causes Deborah confusion and distress, as she is struggling to come to terms with herself, her location and who the doctor is. Because this is the first time she has awoken in twenty-nine years, a fuss is made of her by the doctor. He is patient and waits for her to make the first move before he decides to question her about her sleep.Deborah struggles with her words due to her not being provoked to make the first move. First she whispers, for this is all she can do due to her voice lying dormant for twenty-nine years. Her voice probably would have sounded hoarse and croaky due to the lack of use.Something is happening.These are her first words. Deborah confuses herself with what she said as she does not fully understand. She does not know what is happening or what has happened to her.Mood and atmosphere is being set as the tension builds up. The doctor, Hornby, tries to provoke her into saying something.Do you know me?SilenceDo you recognise me?SilenceCan you hear me?She does not look at himDeborah does not respond to him immediately, even when she is addressed directly. She acts as if she can hear him, but cannot answer him back, for that is how she would act if she were still in her illness. She does not see the point in answering him because the whole situation would probably seem as a dream to her.Are you speaking?YesPauseDo you know who I am?PauseWho am I?No-one hears what I say. No-one is listening to me.This last line shows us that despite her responding to what Hornby says she still fails to believe that she is awake and communicating with people. Deborah is struggling to come to terms that she is awake, talking and having a conversation. There are a lot of pauses throughout this part of the play as Hornby is being patient and is waiting for her to say something first. He is giving her time and wants to hear what is on her mind and what she has to say without being motivated. Hornby is trying to get acknowledged by repeatedly asking her questions.Who am I?You are no-one.Deborah suddenly accepts that she can be heard, and starts talking about irrelevant information that in the past she may have been proud of.Who is it? It is miles away. The rain is falling. I will get wet.Here, Deborah is confusing herself and is talking in jumbled up sentences. She cannot keep her mind focused on one thing and that is reflected in the way she is speaking. This shows how she is struggling to have a conversation about the simplest of things.I cant go to sleep. The dog keeps turning about I talk FrenchDeborah still has no confirmed idea of who she is. Pieces of information is spilling out of her mouth, slotting her past back together. She is struggling to find out who she is but the memories she is sharing with Hornby are helping her find herself.It is taking her a long time to process the information given to her. As it is all a struggle to understand everything, the information needs to be fed to her slowly so it is easy to understand and accept. Hornby has to repeat himself before he gets any recognition out of Deborah. He tries to give her the information she needs to know in the easiest way possible for her to understand, very blunt and to the point.You have been asleep for a very long time. You have now woken up. We are here to care for you.PauseYou have been asleep for a very long time. You are older, although you do not know that. You are still younger but older.Deborah decides to disregard what Hornby had just said, as it probably seemed to hard for her to understand. Instead it seemed to snap her out of her sleep properly, even though she seemed awake before that.When she looks at Hornby and acknowledges him for the first time it is a very tense moment in the play. She has realised that there is life outside her head and that she is back to reality, and becomes more aware of what is happening around her.You have been asleep. You have awoken. Can you hear me? Do you understand me?She looks at him for the first time.Asleep?Deborah most probably expected to wake up in her own bed and experience her everyday routine that she went through before she fell asleep.If I have been asleep, why hasnt mummy woken me up?This shows that she thin ks she has overslept for a couple of hours at the most. This will make the struggle harder for her when she realises that she has been asleep for twenty-nine years.Instead she looks at Hornby and notices this is not the case, and get confused and anxious. Deborah asks the natural questions a person would ask if the woke up in a place unfamiliar to them.Where is everyone? Where is my dog? Where are my sisters?Deborah becomes unsure about simple pieces of information. She struggles to recollect what happened to her the day she fell asleep and is not certain of her age.I am twelve. No. I am sixteen. I am seven.PauseI do not know. Yes. I know. I am fourteen. I am fifteen. Im lovely fifteenShe repeats that she is fifteen twice, giving the audience the impression that she has become sure of her proper age.It is almost as if she snaps back to reality. Now begins the struggle of coming to terms with who she is, what happened to her and where she is. Deborah would feel isolated and alone, as she is in a bare room with a person who is unfamiliar to her. It would appear to her that her family has left her behind and moved on without her, and now all she has left is the doctor. Because Hornby is the only other person in the room, she sees him as many different people.You shouldnt have touched me like that. I shant tell my mother. I shouldnt have touched you like that.PauseOh Jack.These lines suggest that she is maybe talking to a boyfriend of hers she remembers before she fell asleep. Deborah might have recollected a moment where she felt guilty, and has had time to think about it. Because she had felt like this while in her sleep she needed to voice her guilt, and this is what she did as soon as she remembered it.Deborahs perception of people change dramatically. She reads the doctor as different people as she remembers different pieces of her life before she fell asleep. She talks about her daddy and sisters, and sees the doctor as her daddy.Daddy?Because he supplies he r with the answers to her questions, she continues to read the doctor as her father. This illustrates the confusion she is feeling and the struggle to come to terms with the information given to her. It is hard for her to process all of this information, as it is new to her and hard to understand. Deborah finally begins to understand where she is who Hornby is.Ive seen this room before.This line suggests that while in her sleep, Deborah has managed to make communication with reality. She may have woken up for a split second and then fallen back into her slumber, and probably would have recognised the room from when she woke up briefly.Deborah begins to show her distress and begins to think irrationally.My mother? My father?PauseDid they bring me to you as a sacrifice? Did they sacrifice me to you?PauseNo, no. You stole mein the night.She is using her imagination to fill in the gaps that do not make sense to her. Because no one has been able to reassure her of the things that do not make sense to her while she has been asleep, it is mandatory for her to think such things.In her panic Deborah begins to say the first thing that come into her head. She does not think before she is speaking, suggesting she is uptight, nervous and edgy. She becomes very defensive and says things that are unnecessary, information from her memories that she was not proud of or she feels the need to confess.You had your way with meMy lust was my ownYou took it from me. Once open never closed. Never closed again. Never closed always open. For eternity. Terrible. You have ruined me.This suggests that she may have lost her virginity before she fell asleep and regrets it. It may have been resting on her conscience while she was asleep and needed to be voiced. Deborah is struggling to understand that these things do not matter and she should not need to feel guilty over them.Deborah suddenly realises that she doesnt sound right, not what she is used to sounding like.I sound childish. Out of tune.She is struggling to understand why she is so different, and believes it is down to her age.How old am I?PauseEighteen?She does not realise that she has been asleep for so long, making it a harder struggle for her to understand this when she is told.Her imagination keeps wandering and is not focusing on one thing. She uses her child like imagination to fill in gaps. She doesnt know where she is so she pretends she is somewhere else.This is a hotelThis is a white tent, when I open the flap Ill step out into the Sahara Desert.Hornby seems to lose his patience and brings her back to reality. Once again he tells her she has been asleep, causing Deborahs temper to rise. She does not understand why an issue is being made out of her being asleep, as she does not realise she has been asleep for longer than she expects.Oh you keep saying that!Why shouldnt I have a long sleep for a change?My body demands itI may have overslept but I didnt do it deliberately.These lines are very poignant, as she is completely oblivious to the fact that she has been asleep for twenty-nine years. When she is told this, there is a very long silence, suggesting that it is taking a very long time to sink in. Her imagination starts running away with her again as she struggles to believe that she has been asleep for so long.You mean Im dead?No.I dont feel dead.Youre not.Not only is it a struggle for Deborah to come to terms with what she has been told, but Hornby is also struggling to convince her that she has been asleep for so long. Deborah is in denial and wont accept the fact that she has been asleep for so long. The only explanation she can think of that sounds reasonable to her is that she has been dead, and it is hard for Hornby to convince her otherwise.Once again Deborah perceives the doctor as a different person. Because he is the only other person in the room he is the only person she can share her feelings with.I think I love you.No you dont.Deborah is confused here and does no t realise what she is saying. Teenagers are always on the lookout for the opposite sex, and when they see them they weigh them up as potential partners. Because there was no one else to compare Hornby to she went straight ahead and told him she loved him. I love you are very strong words and dont mean anything to teenagers. As teenagers fall in and out of love easily, it is not a big deal for her when she says she loves Hornby. When he rejects her and says she doesnt, she becomes very defensive and hot headed.Well, Im not spoilt for choice here, am I? Theres not another man in sight.Her past life interferes the present as she talks about her childhood. She then talks about her future and how she has the rest of her life to look forward to now she is awake.But now Ive got all the world before me. All life before me. All my life before me.This line is very poignant, as we know she does not have the rest of her life before her. The drug used to wake her up is only temporary, be she is not aware of that. It will be a struggle for her when she realises she will fall back to sleep sooner or later.From the way she speaks about her sister we get the impression that she liked to act a lot older than she was. She talks about her younger sister Pauline in a very mature manner, using unusual words a fifteen year old isnt expected to understand, let alone use in their vocabulary.Im not prepared to tolerate her risible, tendentious, her eclectic, her ornate, her rococo insinuations and garbled inventions.This suggests to the audience that Deborah might have felt slightly insecure with her position in the house. She is trying to sound sophisticated, and as she is the second oldest sister out of the three she might have felt the need to act older than she is as a role model for her younger sister. Because her mother expected a lot of her she might have felt the need to prove herself as a responsible daughter who is able to earn her parents trust. She feels that acting more ma ture she feels is the best way to do this. This shows that not only is Deborah struggling to understand what is happening now, but also she struggled to find herself when she was younger.Deborah doesnt understand Hornby when he tries to explain to her that she just stopped. He uses words like sleep when he doesnt specifically mean sleeping, which confuses Deborah.You fell asleep and no-one could wake you. But although I use the word sleep it was not strictly sleep.Oh make up your mind!Deborah is struggling to understand what he means by the term sleep, as this is what Hornby keeps referring her illness to be. When he says it is not a sleep, she gets confused and finds it difficult to process the information given to her. She tries to fill in the empty gaps with her imagination and once again tries to sound sophisticated.You mean you thought I was asleep when I was actually awake?Deborah uses her language the way she thinks is correct, but slips up from time to time. Instead she soun ds childish and sounds her age. Because of this she fails to take her illness seriously when told to her.She does not believe that she had not laughed once while in her illness and refuses to take in what Hornby is saying.And when I laugheddid you laugh with me?You never laughed.Of course I laughed. I have a laughing nature.Deborah abruptly changes the conversation once more, emphasising how she is struggling to keep her mind on one topic of conversation. She is also struggling with staying still and not being able to move, so she decides to get out of her bed.Right, Ill get up now.He moves to herNo! Dont! Dont! Dont! Dont touch me.Yet again she is revealing her insecurity. Deborah does not feel comfortable with the help of a person she does not know. This also could be perceived as an issue of pride she might not want the help from Hornby as she wants to prove to herself that she is capable of moving by herself. She feels like a fifteen year old ready to leap out of bed, when in f act she is frail and appears like an old woman. Hornby knows this, which is why he tries to aid her. Previously in the play Deborah has only had to deal with the mental struggle, but this is a physical struggle for Deborah as she needs to get her body used to functioning again, She feels that she can cope with this, which is why she does not need Hornbys help. The slowness and tension of this part of the play really conveys the struggle that not only Deborah is going through, but Hornby as well.At the part of the play when Pauline, Deborahs Younger sister, enters Deborah does not pay attention. She is not aware of anyone walking into the room, let alone this person being her younger sister. Deborah does not recognise her sister and carries on talking as if she isnt there. She becomes fixed on one topic of conversation, which happens to be her dancing and how she danced in confined places, suggesting she has had a trapped image in her mind while in her illness. Deborah talks about th e light and darkness so much, suggesting that she has not seen the light for so long and all she has seen is the darkness and gradually trails off as she becomes aware of Pauline. Pauline is in her mid forties and is unrecognisable by Deborah. Twenty-nine years ago Pauline would have been Deborahs younger sister, but now in Deborahs eyes she herself has not aged, so now Pauline has become the older sister.All Deborah does is stare at Pauline, which to Pauline seems like a substantial improvement and becomes overwhelmed with happiness.Shes looking at me. (She turns back to Deborah) Youre looking at me. Oh Deborahyou havent looked at mefor such a long time.She decides to tell Deborah that she is her sister, to which she replies with a short laugh. Hornby realises that it is too soon for Pauline to enter the conversation and becomes agitated, as it will now become harder for Deborah to come to terms with her life at present.I didnt call you.Pauline regards himWell alright. Speak to her .Pauline becomes anxious at the thought of speaking to her sister. She does not know what to say to her, as she has not spoken to her in so long. She asks Hornby for his advice.Shall I tell her lies or the truth?Both.Telling her both lies and the truth will make it easier for Deborah to cope with, but will cause a struggle for her when she finds out that the information given to her is not fully correct. She will have a hard time coming to terms with the truth a lot more than she will with believing the lies. When Pauline speaks to Deborah, the first thing she talks about is her family. She over exaggerates slightly with what is said and has to make herself sound more childish and less mature to make it easier for Deborah to understand. Pauline explains in the easiest way possible for Deborah to understand that their family have gone on holiday.Daddys not too well, although in many respects hes as fit as a fiddle, and MummyIts a wonderful tripPauline trails off the conversation when talking about their mother suggesting that something has happened to her, death perhaps. Pauline tells her that their family send their love to Deborah, especially their mother. This once again suggests that something has happened to their mother.Deborah decides to move to her bed and lie in it, and does so with a great deal of slowness. She does everything spending a lot of time and precision and then shuts her eyes, as if exhausted. This slowness emphasises the struggle she is going through to deal with reality. She calls Pauline over to her so she can get a good look at her. She studies Paulines eyes, and Pauline confirms that she is her sister.Well, youve changed. A great deal. Youve agedsubstantially. What happened to you?Again she decides to giver her own opinion and tries to sound sophisticated, but adds a touch of childness when she says where she found the information.Was it sudden shock? I know shocks can age people over night. Someone told me.Pauline then decides to give Deborah an account of what happened to her the day she fell into her illness. She gives her a lot of information in a very short space of time, which causes a struggle in understanding and accepting what is said. The language she uses sounds that of a child: she uses words like Mummy and Daddy. It could also be because she comes from an aristocratic family. Either way, she does this to make Deborah feel comfortable with what she is saying and tries to make it easier for her to understand. When she is finished talking Deborah speaks.Deborah turns to Hornby.She must be an aunt I have never met. One of those distant cousins.Here it is plain that Deborah was either not listening to what Pauline had said or she chooses not to accept it. From Deborahs point of view she has fallen asleep and woken up the next day as if it was a normal day. She is struggling to understand what is happening to her, but Pauline is also struggling to convince her that this is reality. Pauline reassures Debora h that she is her sister, and her first reaction is to retaliate with some smart remark.Well, if youre Pauline youve put on a remarkable amount of weight in a very short space of time.Even when she does accept that Pauline is her sister, she still does not believe that she has been asleep for 29 years. Because Deborah has been asleep for such a long time, she may be looking for an argument. This could be seen as sister talk or rivalry which she would have been used to before she succumbed to her illness. She then becomes shocked as she realises that she has aged also.My God! Youve grown breasts! (She stares at Paulines breasts and suddenly looks down at herself)Were women.Women?Youre a grown woman, Deborah.This is very hard for Deborah to come to terms with, and decides to disregard it just as she did when Pauline spoke of their family earlier. Again sister rivalry comes in when Deborah becomes aware of her appearance.Im slimmer arent I?Yes.Yes. Im slimmer.Here it appears as if Debo rah is taking pleasure in being slimmer than her sister. She is always on the look out for a reason to be better than her sister, and somehow it makes it easier for her to understand things when she feels good about herself.She begins to stop conversations as soon as they start, making Hornby impatient. When she begins to question Pauline about the truth, Hornbys patience gives way and he decides to hit her with some truths in attempt to make her understand. He tells her that Pauline regularly comes to visit and that he is her doctor. He informs her that Pauline really is her sister and does not give her time to answer back and question him about this. He tells her that her father is blind and Estelle takes care of him and has never been married. He also tells her that her mother is dead. He pauses for her to say something but she is so shocked that she cannot say anything. Hornby tells Deborah how Pauline and him are married and that he was the one who woke her up with an injection . He describes the place she was when she was in her illness as a Kind of Alaska, which would be a metaphor for her. Alaska is cold and isolated part of America, which would be the perfect words to describe Deborah. He puts everything into perspective for her and makes her realise that the world does not only revolve around her and that she is not the only person that has suffered because of her illness. She is acting childish and selfish as that is the only way she knows how to behave. He then become passive and tells her that he has never left her side.I have never let you go.SilenceI have lived with you.This shows his feelings towards Deborah, and suggests he has affections for her-love maybe. If this is the case he could have married Pauline as a replacement for Deborah.Deborah finally takes in what is said to her and suddenly she becomes anxious.I want to go home.This is every childs reaction when they get scared. They feel safe in the comfort of their own home with their paren ts to look after them. She becomes cold all of a sudden and gestures for Paulines support as she takes her hand. At this point it seems that Deborah has accepted Pauline as her sister. She asks about her birthday and Pauline reassures her that she will have a birthday with plenty of presents along with all of her family and friends. Deborah soon becomes distressed when Pauline says about saying goodnight to her and her waking up in the morning.I dont want to lose them.Theyll never be lost. Ever.As Hornby keeps referring to her illness as a sleep, thats is how she sees it. Deborah becomes frightened at the thought of falling asleep as she thinks she will not wake up. Suddenly she shows her distress by flicking her cheek, as if brushing something from it. This seems harmless at first, but becomes more serious as it grows more frequent. It seems un-natural, and looks as if she is trying to communicate to the outside world what it is like inside her head. She repeats words like Oh dear The walls are closing inOh no She refers to the situation as someone shutting the walls in on her and she cannot get out. Everything seems to go black and she describes the feeling as being in a vice, not being able to breath and only being able to see the shadow of the tip of her nose. At this point I think the information has finally sunk in and she is trying to come to terms with it. She is struggling to come out of herself and is afraid of falling back into her illness. When she stops flicking herself and becomes still she describes what it is like in her illness.You cant imagine how still it is. So silent I can hear my eyes movePeople bend over me, speak to me. I want to say hullo, to have a chat.She comes back into reality and accepts that she is old, and is curious of her appearance. She admits she has no intention of looking into a mirror. This could be because she is frightened of actually seeing the truth rather than just hearing it. The easiest way for Deborah to accept t he present is to understand it in the easiest way possible. For her, the lies that were told to her seem easier to understand, so that is how she chooses to accept it. She reveals the information to Hornby and Pauline in the way that she wishes to accept it. For her it is the easy way out, she feels that if she sees the information the way she wants to she doesnt have to accept it in the way that is too difficult for her to understand.When she looks at Hornby and speaks to him, she starts every sentence with You say, suggesting that they are his opinions and they do not matter. She looks at Pauline then turns back to Hornby, and repeats the lies that Pauline told her. She says these as if these are fact, and it is obvious that this is what she chooses to believe.She summarises what has been said to her in a few lines, making everything sound simple, when in fact it merely scrapes the surface of all the things she has to come to terms with and leaves her with the struggle of what is to come.

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Asda-the company's capital structure starting from 2008 - Essay Example The cost of debt to a company is therefore relatively less than equity financing. Besides this, debt is considered cheaper by the providers of finance and it attracts tax relief on interest payments. The greater the level of debt, the more will be the financial risk to the shareholder of the company. Hence the return required would be higher. This also helps in establishing the gearing mix of a company. The higher a company is geared, the higher would be the risk involved. There are many factors that contribute towards the availability of different sources of funds {(Goyal et al (2005); Darren (2006)}. Equity financing is raised by issuing equity shares or rights issue, preference shares issued are not considered as equity issue as they carry a fixed percentage that is to be paid to the preference shareholders and hence in substance preference shares have a debt nature attached to them so they are categorized under debt issue. Equity finance is considered a comparatively more risky approach of raising finance than debt financing, it is also considered more costly to raise equity finance than to raise debt finance (Burton et al, 2003). Asda is a UK based supermarket chain which deals in clothing, grocery, children toys and other general products used during normal routine. It is a subsidiary of the American Wal-Mart. Asda initiated its business involving Dairy products and later went on to diversify its business. It has been always renowned for its great marketing strategies. It was taken over by Wal-Mart as a subsidiary in 1999. Asda is considered as the second largest retail chain business after TESCO in the United Kingdom. Later in 2009, Wal-Mart made a deal to sell Asda to Corinth Services Limited for an amount of  £6.9 million. Since that deal Asda is a subsidiary of Corinth Services Limited (Telegraph.co.uk, 2010). Gearing is one major issue which has a critical effect onto the capital structure of a

Distinction Between Absolute And Strict Liability Offences Law Essay

Distinction Between Absolute And Strict Liability Offences Law Essay In general, the criminal liability requires the proof of both actus reus and mens rea before convicting a person. When the necessity for the prosecution to prove mens rea (in the sense of intention, knowledge or recklessness) regarding the actus reus elements of the offence is disregarded, either expressly or impliedly, the offence in question is described as strict or absolute liability offence. What is the distinction (if any) between absolute and strict liability offences? The distinction can be seen by what the prosecution must prove. Strict liability offences do not require proof of mens rea in respect of at least one element of the actus reus, usually the essential element. However, proof of mens rea may be required for some of the elements of the actus reus. Absolute liability offences do not require proof of any mens rea element, but are satisfied by proof of the actus reus alone. The distinction can be seen by examining the issue of causation In strict liability, the prosecution is required to prove the causation of the actus reus and the offence. In Empress Car Co (Abertillery) Ltd  [1]  , the lordship said that, While liability [for water pollution] is strict and therefore includes liability for certain deliberate acts of third parties à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it is not an absolute liability in the sense that all that has to be shown is that the polluting matter escaped from the defendants land, irrespective of how this happened. It must still be possible to say that the defendant caused the pollution. In absolute liability, however, a crime may not require any causation link at all, if the specified state of affairs exists. In Winzar  [2]  , the defendant was removed from a hospital by police and was then arrested and found guilty of being drunk on the highway, even though the police officers had put him there. The court held that it was enough to show that D had been present on the highway and was perceived to be drunk. It didnt matter that his presence on the highway was momentary and involuntary. The distinction can be seen by what defences are available to the defendant Many academic papers differentiate strict and absolute liability by the availability of the defence of honest but mistaken belief, which is a common law defence. Where it is available the liability is strict, where it is not available the liability is absolute. The situation becomes complex in case where defence are provided in the statue for the defendant to escape liability. If common law defence is held by court to be excluded from the offence, does the provision of statutory defence disqualify an offence from being absolute? In the case HKSAR v So Wai Lun  [3]  , the court of appeal has the opportunity to look into the case B (A Minor) v DPP  [4]  , and made the following observation. Section 5 of the Sexual Offences Act 1956 made it an offence for a person to have unlawful sexual intercourse with a girl under 13 while section 6 made it an offence in relation to girls under 16. Under section 6, a defence was expressly set out where the defendant, provided he was under the age of 24, believed the girl to be 16 or over Lord Steyn said à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦since section 5 contained no such defence, it plainly created an offence of absolute liability. So the court is suggesting that unlawful underage sexual intercourse, a traditional example of absolute liability, will not be considered as absolute liability per se in the present of statutory defence in provision. This observation is reaffirmed in the recent case Hin Lin Yee v HKSAR  [5]  by Ribeiro PJ in paragraph 198 (ii) and (iii). In other jurisdiction like Australia, the definition of absolute liability is even more blurred by the fact that common law defence like duress and self defence are available for absolute liability. How does one determine if an offence is one of strict or absolute liability? The question of whether a statutory offence requires proof of mens rea or is strict liability is treated as a matter of statutory construction, the statutory provision enacting the offence must be construed to determine the legislative intention. In Gammon (Hong Kong) Ltd  [6]  , the lordship has summarized the approach to the interpretation: There is a presumption of law that mens rea is required before a person can be held guilty of a criminal offence. The presumption is particularly strong where the offences is truly criminal in character. Truly criminal offence usually refers those dealing with violence against persons or property. The presumption is particularly strong due to the stigma that attached to the offence. The presumption applies to statutory offences, and can be displaced only if this is clearly or by necessary implication the effect of the statute. Sometimes the offence will expressly specify the type or level of mental fault by using words such as willfully, recklessly, carelessly, etc. In such cases, the court must then go on to define the precise meaning of those mens rea words. Where a statute is silent as to the mens rea for an offence, the courts must decide as a matter of general principle or statutory interpretation what level or type of mens rea applies. The only situation in which the presumption can be displaced is where the statute is concerned with an issue of social concern, and public safety is such as issue. Strict liability has often been imposed in regulatory offences concerning social concern and public safety, such as licensing, pollution, health and safety, driving offences, environmental offences and public health offences. Even where a statute is concerned with such an issue, the presumption of mens rea stands unless it can also be shown that the creation of strict liability will be effective to promote the objects of the statute by encouraging greater vigilance to prevent the commission of the prohibited act. In Lim Chin Aik v R  [7]  , the defendant had been convicted under the immigration laws of Singapore by remaining there (after entry) when he had been prohibited of entering. The aim of the law was to prevent illegal immigration. The defendant had no knowledge of the prohibition order and there was no evidence that the authorities had attempted to bring the prohibition order to his notice. Since there was nothing D could have done to determine whether a order had been made against him and thus ensure compliance with the relevant legislation, the Privy Council ordered that the offence was not one of strict liability because it did nothing to promote enforcement of the law. What policies are behind the creation of absolute and strict liability? It is said that the imposition of strict liability encourages greater observance of and compliance with law, especially to the employer who is vicariously liable to employees act, and this is particularly important where matters of public safety, public health and public welfare are concerned. High standards can be achieved and maintained only if those conducting activities involving risks to safety, health, the environment and so on are made to feel that it is not enough just to take reasonable care; they must take all possible care. Secondly, it is said that strict liability, by relieving the prosecution of the task of investigating and proving mens rea against an alleged offender, enhances the efficiency of our administrative and judicial systems. How do the concepts of absolute and strict liability assist or hinder the Prosecution, the Accused and the Court in a criminal trial? Prosecutor It relieves the prosecutor of the virtual impossibility of proving intent or knowledge of the wrongful conduct, particularly where the defendant was a company rather than an individual. No significant hindrance is observed for prosecution in regard to the application of concept. Accused Strict liability draw a clear line between legality and illegality, which may reduce the information cost for the accused to determine whether himself is guilty or not in some minor offence (e.g. speeding). Unnecessary legal fee may also be saved in this regard. On the other hand, the concept imposes liability on accused who have taken all possible steps to prevent the offence being committed and should not be blameworthy. The onus of proof is also reversed to the defendant side. Court The concept allows the court to strike down the many bogus defense that would otherwise succeed if excusable ignorance or mistake were always accepted as defense. On the other hand, the courts need to engage in time consuming debates about whether the legislature intended strict or absolute liability to apply. The difficulties in identifying strict liability offences can be seen from lack of clarity in judgements. Also, the court often need to justify the creation of strict liability does not per se contravene with the Bill of Rights.  [8]   Conclusion Overall I feel that strict liability is necessary, but that it should be used wisely and that statutes should be extremely carefully worded. Other jurisdiction is slowly moving away from creating new offences of strict liability and phasing out some of the older ones, or at least revising the statute and adding possible defences. Hong Kong should also revisit the issue and see if any improvement can be made.

Lady Luck Who :: essays research papers

On Tom Paine's Scar Vegas Mrs. Lady Luck, Who?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tom Paine’s â€Å"Scar Vegas† takes place in a cheap Las Vegas hotel in the late twentieth century and shows the depressing life of a lonely ex-con. Traveling from Texas to Las Vegas for his sister’s wedding, Johnny Loop emerges as a simple, unlucky, depressed cowboy. Time after time it seems that Loop gets the short end of the stick. His dysfunctional background shapes his attitudes and interactions with others. Ironic, but a depressing ending leaves him helpless, alone, and frustrated. Sadly, it becomes obvious that he is not going to be able to turn his life around. Loop’s relationship with his sister is complex and distant. Their conversations often are awkward and sad: â€Å"’How come you never tell this guy you got a brother?’ â€Å"You was in prison.’ ‘So,’ I says. ‘Lot of people in prison. I’m your only family.’ ‘So she says. The sky is white and sick with heat. ‘Nice dress,’ I says†(128). Avoiding what they are trying to say, they often change the subject. Clearly they regret their weak bond. At the same time their efforts to improve their relationship are feeble. The lack of interest in each other’s lives further alienates Loop: â€Å"‘We’re are going to polish the floor with his face.’ On the seventieth the team goes into a huddle. Lucas and I lean against the wall†(134). Ironically, Loop should be as concerned, if not more, over the â€Å"pervert† flashing his sister. However, he chooses to stay out of it. His lack of action is not necessarily a sign of maturity, but more a lack of caring. The weak relationship along with a number of other factors further isolates Loop. Johnny Loop is a lonely aimless man fresh out of prison. Right from the beginning he is struggling not only with his money, but also his physical condition: â€Å"The Cowboys cracked my ribs but they are taped firm. I am now in Vegas after frying across the Texas panhandle in July top down because the top was broke up good when I was thrown through outside Amarillo my first real stop after Galveston†(123). This murky past conveys his rough background and his inherent unluckiness. By the time Johnny Loop actually gets to his sister’s wedding he has already hit what he thinks is rock bottom. His complex but distant relationship with his sister along with his background leaves him alone and worn down.

Consumer Behaviour on Social Networking Website

content 1 Background1 2 Motivation and Value2 2. 1 Attributes2 2. 2 Outcomes2 2. 3 Values3 3 Reference group3 3. 1 Aspiration reference group3 3. 2 Informal group4 4 Culture and consumption5 4. 1 Supranational culture5 4. 2 National culture5 4. 3 Subculture5 4. 3. 1 Family6 4. 3. 2 Language6 5 Conclusion6 1 Background Social networking has brought a great change in to the way people build relations with others. These sites are online platforms where users can create profiles to provide personal information, exchange individual ideas and share their interests with the others.Through social networking sites, people can keep in touch with friends despite the long distance and daily bustle. In this way, networking sites change the old communication pattern that people used to communicate face to face. In addition, more internet users accept this new way to build their social ties. According to the Pew Internet's report on social networking(2011), the number of people using social network ing sites raised from 34 of internet users in 2008 to 59% in 2010. Weibo, the second-largest social networking site in China, can be used as a good example to clearly demonstrate this huge success.It operated by SINA corporation and launched in August 2009. As a microblogging platform, Weibo enables customers publishing, broadcasting and achieving instant information based on their relationship. It does not take too much time for Weibo to get a large number of users. On the second quarter financial report released by SINA Weibo 2012 (cited in LU, 2012), there are 368 millions registered users and 36. 5m daily active users on Weibo by the end of June this year. The first driving force of Weibo to attract massive users is its ideally integrating the functions of Twitter and Facebook.Weibo require people to publish posts within 140 Chinese characters and enables people to view embedded pictures and media without leaving the original page. The second appealing feature of Weibo is its Mi cro topics page that groups up all tweets on a certain topic. Similarly, the hottest trends categorization page and the famous people collection page, named Board of Fame and Hall of Celebrity respectively, are third attributor to the success of this site. In following, the means-end chain theory, perceptual model and the self will be applied to explain the achievement of Weibo: Motivation and Value Gutman (1982) presents the Means-end chain that consumer buying behavior determines by fulfilling desired values which could be obtained from the consequence of enjoying the product or service attributes. Desire values could be obtained due to satisfaction of customers in product or services attributes. More specifically, the reason why people consume a certain product/ service is that the nature of the product/ service can generate some outcomes that can achieve individuals' values. This theory can be used to illustrate the success of Weibo. 2. 1 AttributesEach product has its own attri butes. However, as a microblogging service, the attributes of Weibo is different from that of physical products. What has been provided by the service, rather that what it looks like, is the features for Weibo. According to Sohn and kim (2012), seven features can be used to identify social networking sites: information, share, communication, interaction, entertainment, intimacy and connection. However, in this case, interaction with other users can be regarded as a two way communication and connection to their friends can be described as the result of communication.Therefore, main attributes for Weibo are information, communication and entertainment. Regards to information, each profile contains personal information like hometown, interests and schools, etc. And individuals can publish feeds about what they think and what they have seen. Users can possibly follow everyone who they are interested in, like super star, corporation CEO, organization. Then, all the new feeds will be show n once customers log on their account. Meanwhile, people can Retweet the message they like, providing such information to their friends who may not know it. By this way, Weibo provides much information for its users.The second function is communication: users can send immediate message to have chat with friends. Besides this, the opinions of customers are clearly expressed via commenting and replying upon a specific feed. With providing a two way communication among users, people can also enhance their offline social network. Lastly, Weibo provides entertainment functions for users. For instance, there is a medal reward system, where medals can be earned by some simple actions like tweet containing a certain word. Similarly, a gaming portal consisting of various mini web games is provided by this site. 2. 2 OutcomesAfter experiencing all functions of Weibo, customers can enjoy serval results. Firstly, people can widen their horizon of knowledge and expand their social network throug h information attribute. As numerous consumers from all fields of life have opened accounts in Weibo, people can get huge amount of information like business news, social issues and fashion trends. And through sharing personal information and emotions in profiles, Weibo makes it easy to find friends with the same interest. Secondly, with various ways to communicate with others, it is convenient for customers to sustain offline relationships and strength online friendships.Finally, with a variety of entertainment activities, hanging around Weibo have become a good way for recreation among netizens. 2. 3 Values As above-mentioned attributes and outcomes offer a clue, people consume this microblogging service with the hope to achieve these values: belonging, fun and entertainment, warm relations with others, being well respected, self-respect and security, based on the nine consumer values by Kahle(1989). Firstly, Maslow (1943) defines belonging as a feeling of accepted by other member s in a community. As in Weibo, individual can be recognized as a unique person by other users through personal page.Then, all new friends and old friends form a special community for that user. What the user post will receive friends' comments, serving as a indicator of acceptance. Next, people can obtain pleasure and recreation in their lives on Weibo. Having a chat with friends, sharing and viewing opinions on current affairs, playing mini online games, and seeing what their friends are doing can make consumers have a rest from their works or studies. Thirdly, people can enhance friendships by using Weibo. Viewing others' feeds can provide users information about friends' interests, happiness and sorrows.People can know clearly what to talk about with each friend. Furthermore, customers can feel respectable from friends. In Weibo, people show their concerns about what you post by viewing and commenting, even retweeting when they like it. 3 Reference group Reference group means gro ups that have influence on an individual's attitudes, behavior, beliefs, opinions and values (Thompson & Hickey, 2005). If people in reference group have a positive attitude towards a certain brand, they can use their power to attract more users for that brand.Therefore, it is essential for one brand to figure out reference groups that exert effects on its target customers and to give a good impression on those groups. In the case of Weibo, the company has successfully used two reference groups, which are aspiration group and informal group, to increase user number. 3. 1 Aspiration reference group Those people who are admired by the public, like actors, athletes, business people, make up the aspiration group (Solomon et. Al 2010). Many companies have used these celebrities in their advertisements or endorsements to promote its brand.Not surprisingly, Weibo have adopted this tactic along its development to appeal more users. At the initial testing stage, Weibo enhanced its brand awar eness by sending out exclusive registration codes to celebrities. The SINA company firstly invited notables, opinion leaders and industry leaders, who are existing customers of SINA blog, to open account in Weibo. Then, each invited celebrity would be asked to send out 20 special invitation codes to his/her friends, encouraging them to log in Weibo. Then, Weibo used those available notable accounts to attract massive fans to open accounts on Weibo.Consumers hope to get up-to-date information about their idols from following idols' Weibo profile. â€Å"I was a early adopter of Weibo. † said Iris, a Chinese girl from Management major in Leeds University, â€Å"I opened my Weibo account in November 2009. Wanting to know more about my idol–Ashin, a Taiwanese singer, is the main stimulation for me to register in Weibo. With just two or three sentences in a feed, Weibo keep me informed about the daily routines of my idol and let me feel more closer to his life. † As a nother attraction to customers, Weibo guarantees authenticity of idol accounts to customers.All those celebrity accounts would be verified through real-name system before opening, and be added â€Å"V† after their user names to distinguish with ordinary users. Furthermore, owing to facilitate users to find their idols easily, Weibo gathered all these approved accounts into one page, named Hall of Celebrity. Until March 2012, there are 165,000 celebrity accounts in Weibo. On 2nd December 2012, the number of fans for the top one celebrity is over 27 million. As can been seen from these features and data, Weibo has paid huge attention on reference groups and gained plenty of users from these groups. . 2 Informal group Besides using aspiration group, Weibo took advantage of informal group to acquire more users. Thanks to more involvement in others' everyday lives, informal group poses tremendous effects on their consumer behavior, such as whether or not using social networking si tes, which specific site to be used. Weibo, just as other social networking sites, want to enable consumers to get connected with their offline friends and meet new friends with same interests. So as to be successful, large customer database should be provided for new users to find friends.Most of Weibo users firstly know this networking sites from their friends. Another three users' experiences are used to support this statement. Juliet, a Chinese girl in Advertising and Marketing in Leeds University, said, â€Å"I knew Weibo from several friends' recommendations. They had already opened accounts. With sharing feelings and interesting news no more than 140 characters, my friends found it user-friendly and amusing. So they hoped I could join with them. After one trial, I fell in love with this site. And I have recommended this site to my friends who have not had Weibo account yet. The same with Juliet, other two users opened their accounts because of their friends' influence. They said, â€Å"It is just a habit to keep logging into Weibo to see new feeds from friends. And, if I have not used Weibo while others have, I would feel very outdated. And I also persuaded some of my friends to use Weibo. † As stated above, individual can be influenced by his/her reference group to register in Weibo, and then become one member of reference group to alter other's attitude. With this process goes on, Weibo gets an increasing number of users, which leads to its success. Culture and consumption Culture is the learned and shared beliefs and values that influence the formation of attitudes and behaviors among members of a society(). There are three different level of culture: supranational culture, national culture and subculture. The success of Weibo can be explained by these levels. (Baldwin, 2006) 4. 1 Supranational culture Supranational culture aspect can indicate that the success of Weibo is not a exception. Before the launch of Weibo, Twitter, an American micro blogging service, has be prevalent in a global scale, with over 18 million users in 009 (Wolfe, 2011). With global growth of internet usage, people have shared a cosmopolitan culture with same beliefs: time-conscious(Hongladarom, 2005). Caring more about time has a strong impact on the habit of writing and reading. People are more willing to write and read posts of daily lives within few sentences. That is a big driving force to the invention of microblogging sites, which provide people to publish feeds in just 140 characters. 4. 2 National culture In this level, because of its Chinese interface, Weibo is exclusively popular in China.The alteration of national values has led to the success of Weibo. With the affection by western culture, Chinese are becoming increasingly emphasis on liberalism. Freedom has been highly valued in every aspects of life, especially freedom of speech. In the past, only the people with strong power can make their voices heard and it is unable for the publ ic to talk about the government. But Weibo changed this situation by giving the discourse power to common people. In this site, everyone can speak out his/her opinions on trending news and more people can read those ideas with the function of forward.Also, people can become ‘we media' to spread out the news around them, which is known by few people but of importance on the society. 4. 3 Subculture Subculture is the same culture shared barely by a small group in a nation/society. It is largely influenced by the personalities of members in that group. In this level, the characteristics of new netizen generation could explain the widespread usage of Weibo. Weibo has designed its website tailoring to characteristics in this subculture. According to the Enfodesk report, customers aged from 20~34 accounted for 76. 52 percent for the Weibo users.It means that major customers of Weibo are born in 1980s and 1990s, which is a new generation in China after the â€Å"only one child† policy. There are there typical elements affecting this culture group. 4. 3. 1 Family In oriental culture, like in China, people put more emphasis on relationships with other. And family is the most important relation that plays a vital role in the formation of personalities. And Child tend to be more self conscious in small families than large families. In China, the structure of family experienced huge changes after the ‘one child' policy.The ‘China Population Statistics Yearbook 2000'stated that the family size gradually reduced in scale since the policy and the average number of each family dropped from 4. 51 in 1982 to 3. 58 in 1999. Having only child in their family among the generation of 80s and 90s, parents putted all attention and family resources on their child, which lead to a certain degree of doting on that child. As a result, the new generation is more self-centered, revealing a era of self. And, people in this group wanted to be different from their par ents' generation and tend to more emphasis on the self expression.The customization feature of Weibo satisfies this value by provide a stage for people to show themselves. Individual can differentiate with others by showing own ideas towards fashion and current affairs, display his/her interests and create personalize profile. 4. 3. 2 Language Special language is other component to form the subculture. In culture among the generation of 80s and 90s, people usually use the internet catchword in their daily conversation. This words can be defined as a peculiar way of saying something which has become established after long use in netizens.Because of their simplification and humorous, many youth use these special phrases in their feeds in social networking sites. As a result, more users know these catchphrases and spread them out to create even larger influence. Moreover, people need to frequently surf the internet to keep up with the newest famous words because of its time-sensitive. For Weibo, it provide a free place to enhance the popularity of pop words online and vice verse the pop words would attract more users for Weibo. According to Baidao website, Weibo fueled the prevalence of Internet catchwords in 2011. 5 ConclusionIn brief, this essay has discussed three consumer behavior theories, that are the means-end chain, the power of reference group and the three levels of subjective cultures, to explain the success of Weibo. Firstly, Weibo clearly created its major features catering to the desired values of its target customers. With functions of information, communication and entertainment,this site enables people to build self image, get friends' up-to-date information, enhance social network and have a recreation. Consequently, consumers can fulfill their values of self expression, sense of belonging, entertainment life and self-esteem.Then, this site have used the reference power of celebrities and friends to attract more users along its development. By f irstly encouraging important people to open accounts, Weibo induced thousands of their fans. Similarly, these early users influence their friends to use this service. Finally, supranational culture, national culture and subculture lays a foundation to the achievement of Weibo. The widespread presence of social networking sites could be used to indicate the success of Weibo. And the Chinese national culture and youth culture have speeded up the popularity of Weibo.Though Weibo is successful in certain degree, there are still some measures which could be taken to enhance its publicity. On one hand, Weibo should provide a internal version for foreigners. Only using Chinese as the instructional language is big problem that leads to the limitation of global users. The fact is that there are increasing number of foreign users who access the website in recent time, such as Boris Johnson–the mayor of London, David Mitchell–the author of Cloud Atlas. However, they can not use t he website efficiently because they are not familiar with Chinese language.So it would be beneficial for Weibo to have another vision using global language. On the other hand, Weibo should try to create some culture based features to allure and keep customers. As can be seen from many famous products, people ReferenceBOYD, D. M. , N. B. ELLISON. 2007. 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What Can You Do With a Philosophy Degree †Pro-Academic-Writers.com

What Can You Do With a Philosophy Degree Why study Philosophy? Many students see no reasons for obtaining a degree in this subject. They associate this science with something outdated and unpromising. In fact, Philosophy is not a science. We would rather say that it’s art. It’s an art of telling the truth to people so that it makes them think. It is an art of discussing our life values in a special manner. It’s an art of making other people hear you. Such skills are required in many professional fields. Thus, once you graduate from your university with a Philosophy degree, don’t worry about your profession. Most university graduates wish to work in the field of business or IT as these are two most promising directions for the future. Business and technologies are closely related, but many graduates ignore the fact that Philosophy is connected with business too. This discipline and advertising are a partnership made in heaven. So, we can say that Marketing, for instance, cannot survive without good knowledge of humanities, especially philosophy and psychology. Business majors believe that Marketing is a philosophy of selling. Any prestigious business university like Harvard Business School dedicates enough attention to studying issues in philosophy, even though they may not have it as a separate subject. In the age of unemployment, graduates fear to stay without well-paid careers. Fear not if you graduate with a Philosophy degree from your college or university! Such majors usually possess a unique set of skills developed over the course of their education that will pique the interest of the recruiters in many fields. A list of possible careers is much longer than you used to think. Also, you can read about other university majors and their opportunities. Find a Workplace Thanks to the Unique Set of Skills Research conducted by prospects.ac.uk found that Philosophy graduates are working  Ã¢â‚¬Å"for almost every type of employer in public, private and not-for-profit sectors.†Ã‚  Perhaps, the only place where you cannot work with your Philosophy degree only is Information Technologies (IT) as this field requires a solid knowledge of computer. All law, education, and business-related careers, including jobs in advertising, welcome university graduates with Philosophy degrees. It is much easier to work with the philosophy-trained mind from the very beginning than paying for the additional training in corresponding humanities school. So, what are those good skills that help Philosophy graduates win their dream careers? Analytical thinking:  Many careers today require advanced communication skills necessary to target proper audience as well as work in a team to come up with the mixed problem-solving experience. Philosophy degree guarantees perfect ability to evaluate any case objectively, study all existing opinions, conducting research to develop new and left-field ideas, and assuming the pros and cons of all options. Effective communication:  Graduates with Philosophy degrees in their pockets can answer any questions and share ideas in a concise and well-constructed way. No one would defend his personal point of view better than a Philosophy University graduate. Research and investigation:  Conducting in-depth research, placing and interpreting large amounts of information, and offering innovations are valuable skills for all types of careers possessed by the Philosophy degree holders. Moreover, such graduates are able to write down their thoughts in a well-organized manner. If you still have problems with writing experience, visit special websites which can help develop corresponding skills These are the arguments for employers to choose Philosophy degree owners to perform any careers. If you are about to graduate from your school, college, or university with a Philosophy degree, study your work opportunities below. Potential Careers for University Graduates with a Philosophy Degree Careers in Education As a rule, a position of a high school teacher is not the best option for the applicant with Philosophy degree. It is better to work as a university professor. University professors get paid much higher than school tutors. Besides, Philosophy is studied at the more advanced level when it comes to college or university. Teaching careers are perfect for graduates who like to communicate and write a lot. If you wish to share your knowledge and skills like critical thinking with the growing generation, teaching jobs are right for you. However, careers in education may require a professional teaching qualification, so you may want to take an extra course in university. Masters and Ph.D. degrees are preferred. Careers in Legal Environment Philosophy is closely related to the Law. These are two ancient sciences that have formed our community. Majors often join the field of law by choosing one of the possible legal careers (e.g. lawyer or advocate). You have to be able to investigate, conduct research, write legal documents, defend your arguments, and be aware of all legal issues with respect to the particular state. A philosophy degree is a good foundation for careers in law in case an applicant has also worked in the field of law. At least, extra training or education is a must because you still need to know the laws. Careers in Media Under media, we mean service like publishing rather than role play. Philosophy degree holders are effective in both preparing written materials and giving public speeches. Being a university graduate with a Philosophy foundation, you may want to work in the production of printed media such as books, newspapers, and more. Also, there are many opportunities for those who would like to write remotely. You can highlight any subject of your interest in the shape of blog posts. If you like to deal with research and write lengthy articles, careers in journalism may be your solution. Careers in Public Fields Every year, hundreds of thousand professional philosophers join public services. A Philosophy degree graduate feels comfortable when working for some government-issued organizations or medical services. If you would like to research various societal issues and propose your alternatives, public careers are good for you. Police and armed forces are hiring university graduates with Philosophy degrees on a regular basis as well. If you still think whether to study Philosophy or not, look at the life of at least one famous person with this degree: Bill Clinton, Rashida Jones, Ricky Gervais, Stone Phillips, and other university graduates who have chosen Philosophy degree. No matter if you want to join the business, education, or medical careers, Philosophy degree may be your lucky ticket! Ready to join? Order college or university admission essay from the professional writing service to get the place in short!

misconduct in medicine essays

misconduct in medicine essays 1. Definition of the ethics problem: What are the ethical implications of sexual or romantic relationships between physicians and patients and how should sexual misconduct be prevented and doctors disciplined? 2. Provide significant facts/uncertainties that are relevant to the question: Sexual contact between physician and patient can occur in numerous ways. Physicians may use the patients state of being as a way to engage in sexual activity or they may suggest or represent sexual contact to a patient as part of care or treatment for the patient. When a person seeks medical care, many times he or she is physically and emotionally vulnerable to the doctor. Therefore, it must be noted that several states specify that consent of the patient cannot be used as a defense to charges of sexual misconduct. Sexual contact with patients seems to occur most when there is great disparity between the social status and emotional vulnerability between physician and patient. This is why most reported cases of sexual misconduct involve patients who are younger and female, and doctors who are older and male. The patients in these cases trust that the doctor is acting in the best interest of them and even when sexual misconduct takes place, they are hesitant to report the doctors or even to try to stop the doctors themselves. The victims then experience distrust of their own judgment, experience guilt, and become skeptical of physicians. Most medical training programs and education do not cover the issue of sexual misconduct and how to deal with sexual or romantic attraction to patients. It would seem that it would be very beneficial to doctors to receive some sort of education with regards to dealing with the temptations and seeking appropriate help. Also, since many times it is actually the patient that is initially attracted to the doctor, it would be very helpful for the doctors to learn ways to deal with that so ...

American Stories, 3rd edition Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American Stories, 3rd edition - Assignment Example The Virginia Company founded Jamestown, the first English colony in North America, after receiving a charter from King James I in 1606. The settlers established the colony predominantly for economic reasons. On the contrary, religious separatists seeking autonomy from the Church of England founded Plymouth Colony. On the other hand,  Massachusetts Bay Colony  began as a commercial adventure in 1630. It  became home to many Puritans who abandoned England due to persecution from the Crown and the Anglican Church.1 Most people wanted to break free from the oppression of the Catholic and the Anglican Church. They desired to worship God in the way they found legitimate. The Puritans believed that the Anglican Church of England resembled the Catholic Church, hence wanted to purify it2. The Puritans were intolerant to those who refused their beliefs. On the contrary, the separatists  wanted to separate from the Anglican Church altogether. The religious differences thus caused them to diverge into different colonies. The initial settlers suffered from malaria and other diseases since it was founded near swampland. They also experienced internal strife and starvation. They relied heavily on supplies from the mother nation and  assistance  from Native Americans. Although its economy stabilized upon the successful cultivation of tobacco, it was destroyed during Bacon’s Rebellion of 1698. It had to struggle to rise again. Initially, Carolina colony was reminiscent of feudal kingdoms. Over time, it was popular for religious and political freedom. However, slavery was introduced since the proprietors had investments in the slave trade. While the labor forces of other colonies had indentured servants, the Carolinas embraced slavery. The Gullah people came about because of the transatlantic slave trade of the 17th and 18th centuries. They are descendants of the slaves from Sierra Leone, who worked on rice plantations in Georgia and South Carolina. They live in

Hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 9

Hamlet - Essay Example The thesis statement shall be: Hamlet is more of a philosopher prince than a young man seeking to revenge the death of his murdered father. At the beginning of the play, the ghost comes to Horatio who then calls others to him. Apparently, it is Hamlet’s father ghost. When the ghost reveals that Claudius is the one responsible for his murder, Hamlet is asked to seek revenge (Act 1, Scene 5 Line 7). Revenge is his idea of justice for the injustice done to his late father. Hamlet resolves to avenge his father’s death, but he is first withdrawn in a philosophical search of the meaning of death. One can say that by doing so, Hamlet is following the philosophical principle of reason and logic as the guiding principles for the justification of any action taken (Burnor and Raley 49). His deepest questions about death begin in the aftermath of his father’s death where he seeks to find out how the world of the dead may be like of what it means to be dead. Although he makes not so conclusive steps to find out practically the answers to such questions, one can observe his approach to his father’s revenge as philosophical. It may be taken that Hamlet does so to determine the extent to which the ghost’s claims may be reliable as the informing premises in which his actions would be based (Kane 475). While contemplating about the philosophy of death, Hamlet also delves into thoughts about whether one has the right to take his/her own life. In so doing, Hamlet may be seen to be trying to make comparisons to the nature of his father’s death. He silently engages in deductive reasoning that since it is morally illegitimate for one to take his own right, then it is morally wrong for another man to kill another man for no reason at all. His soliloquy can be seen to lead to a conclusion that his uncle Claudius did a heinous crime by killing his own brother for political